Madame Butterfly

Ali Appelbaum WGST 199-01 Professor Uman March 16, 2008 Society puts a strong focus on individuals who experience the act of cross-dressing to create an identity for themselves. The act of cross-dressing helps a person to feel comfortable with themselves because they are able to gain a sense of independence, confidence, and individuality. In the play M. Butterfly, by David Henry Hwang, constructing an identity is made through the character Song. By looking at Song’s appearance in M. Butterfly, we can see that clothing and disguise constructs an identity. The play, M. Butterfly uses the character Song to show the audience how cross-dressing is common, and can make one’s personality. Song cross-dresses from an Asian male, to an Asian female. Throughout the play Song plays the role of a female but expresses herself in a more confident, and independent way as an Asian female. This is because Song has had a gender cross to a women, she is able to demonstrate these qualities in her new identity she has formed. M. Butterfly is about a French diplomat, Gallimard and his love attraction for Song. Gallimard feels as though he’s never been in love, and has a hard time relating to women, until Song comes along. Song, playing the romantic role of Gallimard’s lover takes charge without Gallimard realizing a male was really wooing him the whole time. Song possesses traits of a female, which gives her confidence to pursue her relationship with Gallimard until he’s fallen in love. In the end, Song reveals herself for the man she is, but continues to act with more confidence and independence as a woman than as a man. In the play, you can see that disguise constructs an identity through the character Song. During a scene, Gallimard comments on Song’s feminine appearance and the other women he see’s in China. Song responds to Gallimard, â€Å"Please. Hard as I try to be modern, to speak like a man, to hold a Western woman’s strong face up to my own†¦ in the end, I fail. A small, frightened heart beats too quickly and gives me away. Monsieur Gallimard, I’m a Chinese girl. I’ve never†¦ never invited a man up to my flat before. The forwardness of my actions makes my skin burn† (1. 11 Hwang). This quotes shows that Song posses traits as a female and is proud. Although Song is a male, he has built himself a female identity from disguise. Confidence is expressed in Song’s remarks by telling in conversation how she believes she is more knowledgeable than Gallimard. Song also makes sure notice is taken of her delicate and pretty appearance. Song remarks back to Gallimard, â€Å"Your history serves you poorly, Monsieur Gallimard. True, there were signs reading â€Å"No dogs and Chinamen. But a woman, especially a delicate Oriental woman—we always go where we please. Could you imagine it otherwise? Clubs in China filled with pasty, big-thighed white women, while thousands of slender lotus blossoms wait just outside the door? The clubs would be empty. We have always held a certain fascination for you Caucasian men, have we not? (2. 4 Hwang). Song has shown to her audience that she has a strong confidence about the female body and face. She explains to Gallimard that her new identity, a delicate Oriental woman, is always welcomed in society. Song also feels a sense of power because although she is a man working for the Chinese government, she feels comfortable in her feminine identity. A conversation between Song and her advisor Comrade Chin demonstrates how Song has created has created an identity for herself in disguise. When Song is in quarters where she can act like man, she still acts in a feminine order, rather than a masculine tone. Chin asks Song, â€Å"†¦Is that home come you dress like that? † (2. 4 Hwang). Song responds by saying, â€Å"Like what, Miss Chin? † (2. Hwang). Chin remarks with what he believes is reality by saying, â€Å"Like that dress! You’re wearing a dress. And every time I come here, you’re wearing a dress. Is that because you’re an actor? Or what? † (2. 4 Hwang). Song reveals her identity by saying, â€Å"It’s a†¦ disguise, Miss Chin† (2. 4 Hwang). This conversation between Comrade Chin and Song shows the audience that Song is aware of the fact that she is a male, but possesses more of an interest in the feminine personality and ways of life because she is more confident.

Comparison of the flood and the survey

â€Å"Mankind often underestimates the power of nature† Compare ‘The Flood' and ‘A Survey in the light of this statement ‘A survey and ‘The Flood' are two poems which both use linguistic, rhythmic, structural and vocal tools to label the power of pure nature. They differ in many ways yet both, when delved into and studied, appear to agree that mankind does misjudge nature's power. The titles themselves of these two poems indicate an underlying meaning.For example, ‘The Flood' highlights that the focus of this poem is something we might consider as fairly ordinary, but John Clare thinks it is in fact fascinating enough to write a lengthy oem about. ‘A Survey rather than ‘The Survey indicates that what happens in this poem happens again and again; a theme which continues throughout this poem. The voice is 3rd person and impersonal and the tone of it is very lyrical, suggesting to us a ‘campfire song feel, which again displays that this is something that happens repeatedly and continually.In contrast to this, ‘The Flood', instead of a tone of lyrical mythology, has a personal voice and tone of immediacy. The constant imagery provided makes the reader feel as if they were there, instead of Just being told an ‘old ives tale', like the mood of ‘A Survey. Interestingly, both poems contain a mix of past and present tense. This could suggest continuity in both, and the idea that nature, although both are describing a specific event in the past, is always present, and therefore is very powerful as it cannot be overcome. Each poem uses structure and punctuation very cleverly, but in different ways.For example, in â€Å"The Flood†, each line uses iambic pentameter and everything has a rhyme – everything has a word somewhere that rhymes with it. The verses are 14 lines, similar to a sonnet, and the ast verse is even a perfect sonnet that rhymes correctly and finishes with a rhyming couple t. Like a river, it seems chaotic and long, but it technically obeys rhythmic rules. This could suggest to us that everything in nature has a purpose, and nature has its own balance, Just like the theme of ‘A Survey. This could be seen to agree with the statement as the sheer power of nature really comes through here.Contrariwise, Stafford uses rhyme differently. In every verse there is half and imperfect rhyme, but in the verse that talks about the field boot crew – the epresentation of mankind interference'- there is one perfect rhyme; â€Å"crew' and â€Å"two†. This proposes the notion that the â€Å"field boot crew' have tried to force a perfect rhyme upon nature, but it quickly disintegrates into the fact that nature's own natural rhythm, represented by the constant rhythm, works by itself and doesn't need man's interference as it is powerful enough itself.Each stanza in ‘A Survey fascinatingly ends with a full stop, not keeping in the theme of cont inuity the poem has so far displayed. This could be because Stafford wanted to keep within the lyrical form of he poem. Differently, ‘The Flood' incorporates hardly any punctuation save some dashes and a full stop at the end. This again indicates an idea that nature will never end or be stopped, and is more powerful than man. The language is very different in the two poems. One is extravagant and descriptive whereas the other is, although narrative too, less vivid.However, one thing very prominent in ‘A Survey is the contrasts and Juxtaposition used. In the first verse even, Juxtaposition is very obviously used; â€Å"crammed witn hysterical water† tollowed by â€Å"hushed by placid sands†. Another example is the description of the wildcats- or the agents of nature- balancing out the wildness of the land; on one hand the animals are described with â€Å"intricate lines of fur†, â€Å"finesse† and â€Å"tentative paw[s]†, then the sun an d mountains are said to â€Å"rake[s]†¦ buck and scream† and the ridges are described to have â€Å"hackles†.This image of balance follows the theme of the rest of the poem. Contrast is used in a different way in ‘The Flood', perhaps to indicate a dissimilar meaning. The start and end of ‘The Flood' is very chaotic; verbs like â€Å"dashing†¦ ]arred†¦ plunging†¦ oars† are used to imitate the feel of a rushing river. However, the middle verse has a completely different atmosphere due to the language used. â€Å"The feather dances flutters† and â€Å"danced it o'er the waves† bring a different picture of calm.This could represent those small areas of calm sometimes found in bedlam. On the other hand ‘The Flood' can be seen as similar to ‘A Survey because it also highlights the sense of nature's own balance. Personification is used incredibly effectively, especially in the last verse, â€Å"other monsters r ise† is particularly effective as it is strong magery, and describing the flood itself as â€Å"restless†, a human emotion. This puts across the idea that nature has a life of its own like everybody else. Personification is also used to the same effect in â€Å"A Survey'.

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