The resistance of the wire Essay Example for Free

The obstruction of the wire Essay I will do this purchase putting crocodile cuts on each finish of the wire. I will at that point take the readings for the current after the wire and the voltage over the length of wire. I will at that point twofold check this by utilizing a multimeter and measure the opposition over the bit of wire. I will rehash this multiple times. I will rehash a similar technique for the various lengths of wire. Reasonable test: I will make it a reasonable test by utilizing a similar thickness of wire inevitably. I will utilize a similar measure of voltage on the battery pack each time I take a perusing. I will utilize a similar gear unfailingly. I will likewise quantify the thickness of the wire before each perusing I take to ensure that it is consistently the equivalent. I will ensure that the temperature of the wire is the equivalent each time in light of the fact that as the temperature expands it makes the iotas move around additional, which makes more obstruction as the moving molecules make a superior boundary for the current. Results first Attempt Length of Wire (cm) Voltage (V) Current (Amps) Resistance (Ohms) second Attempt Length of Wire (cm) Voltage (V) Current (Amps) Resistance (Ohms) third Attempt Length of Wire (cm) Voltage (V) Current (Amps) Resistance (Ohms)â Average Length of Wire (cm) Voltage (V) Current (Amps) Resistance (Ohms) Analysis: In my expectation I said that: I anticipate that as the length of wire increments so will the opposition. I have discovered that my outcomes are really mistaken on the grounds that I havent determined the opposition yet I can examination the influence the length of wire has on the current. These outcomes are erroneous in light of the fact that the voltage shouldnt be the equivalent each time. The voltage ought to be estimated over the wire so as the length builds the voltage should diminish. The obstruction is then found from jumping the voltage by the current. I can see from my outcomes that my forecast was correct on the grounds that after the current has gone through the wire it diminishes. This is increasingly clear as the length of the wire increments on the grounds that the present reductions as the wire increments. I can see from my normal of results that when the length of the wire has multiplied the current has nearly divided on the grounds that when the length of wire was 30 cm the current was 0. 65 amps and when the length of wire was 60 cm the current was 0. 32 amps, half of 0. 65 is 0. 325. I can see on my diagram that my outcomes a genuinely precise in light of the fact that three out of five of them contact the line of best fit and the forward point is 0. 1 amps higher than the line of best fit. My perusing for 30 cm is 1. 1 amps higher than the line of best fit. From perusing the line of best fit the perusing for 30 cm ought to be 0. 54 and I got the understanding 0. 65. The perusing for the 70 cm of wire that I got was 0. 26 yet on my line of best fit it is 0. 25. I can likewise observe from my outcomes the sum at which they decline each time the length of the wire is expanded is fundamentally the same as. The distinction between 30 cm of wire and 40 cm is 9 amps, the contrast between 40 cm and 50 cm is 7 amps, the contrast between 50 cm and 60 cm is 7 amps and the distinction between 60 cm and 70 cm is 6 amps. This likewise shows my outcomes were genuinely precise and dependable. Assessment: The primary thing I might want to do will be do my analysis again with the goal that I can gauge the obstruction appropriately so I can check whether my expectation is truly right. I would quantify the obstruction appropriately by estimating the voltage over the wire and the plunging the voltage by the current. I can see from my outcomes that since every one of my readings don't contact the line of best fit they are not absolutely dependable. This might be on the grounds that the temperature of the wire was distinctive each time as I didn't screen the temperature or the length of the wire may not of been exact on account of the manner in which the crocodile cuts were set. I might want to improve this by utilizing pointers rather than crocodile cuts; I would do this since pointers would be progressively precise. The pointers would be increasingly exact in light of the fact that the tips have an a lot littler zone than the crocodile cuts giving a progressively precise estimation of the length of wire. Just as making these alterations I would likewise improve my examination by testing a similar wire however various widths of wire. I would do this to develop my examination.

Future of Investment Banking

Eventual fate of Investment Banks is very applicable point for today’s examines. This sort of banks establishments plays one of the primary jobs, being coursing component in the entire collection of money related framework. Indispensable job ensured by the capacities to assist customers with raising capital through obligations, value or other potential arrangements. Unnecessary to take note of that speculation banks are those advantaged establishments that are associated with procedures of mergers and acquisitions. Worry about eventual fate of such a significant venture banks are raised by generally ongoing occasions in bank part of the economy.Even when BNP Paribas flagged that they had issues with appropriately evaluating its book of subprime related bonds, a great deal of specialists were beginning to stress. Chain of occasions is recognizable on account of Lehman Brothers’ breakdown also. What's more, these days inquiries of the improvement points of view of venture banks expanded drastically. In endeavors to depict conceivable advancement points of view of venture banks, following picture can be drawn. Above all else, it’s given that amount of â€Å"investment banks† as of now decreased.It’ better to depict it as union procedure with a lesser measure of huge banks and all the more little boutiques. Securing of JP Morgan in gigantic less compelling structure demonstrates this contention. Second, the issue of development hole ought to be fathomed. Managing awry by the methods for Repurchasing Agreements isn't worthy any longer because of the absence of trust. In addition, resource/obligation bungle is unsafe and difficult to control. In this manner it’s critical to transfer on long haul financing, for example, stores. The following motion of brush is positively about the guideline issue.Industry encountered a type of deregulation brought about by Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, which had supplanted Glass-Steagall Act. In thi s way, business keeps money with progressively traditionalist structure recognizably had drawn nearer to speculation saves money with all their daring individual things. Genuine model is shown by Citigroup, where mix of banking, security and protection might be watched. Division ought to be bolstered to evade irreconcilable circumstances which brought about in inward condition of budgetary institutions.Next thing to see so as to satisfy the conjecture of advancement point of view of speculation banks needs to manage rewards in area. There are no questions, that individuals who took a shot at the field of venture are extremely persevering people, committed to their activity over ten hours daily including ends of the week. By and by, they play with â€Å"other people’s money† which forces duties that can't be overestimated. It implies that broad effect may happen if there should arise an occurrence of ineffective exercises yet not for the trader.Bonuses ought to be const rained. Inspiration program ought to include rewards for benefits as well as a type of arrangements/remittances in unfortunate instance of misfortunes. Prudence will definitely prompt more hazard avoidance conduct. As a matter of fact, chance preservationist approach is required all around banking because of end of the budgetary emergency dangers. Before summarizing, all the exercises, that ought to be accomplished for the fate of the speculation banks, there is one thing that will happen regardless of what.It is something about experience that obviously has the right to be thought of. Exercises gained from the huge scenes of money related emergency are extremely important. Individuals will turn out to be increasingly objective, particularly as far as managing obscure instruments like CDOs, CDO^2s and others. Contentions introduced in this paper should bolster the possibility of venture baking’s advancement. In spite of the normal concerns, the business will endure, on accoun t of the ceaseless interest of fund-raising

Gangs and Violence in The Prison System Essay -- Criminal Justice

Groups and Violence in the Prison System Presentation Group viciousness is across the country and is one of the most noticeable issues in the jail framework today. Packs are known to endeavor to control the detainment facilities/correctional facilities, ingrain dread inside the jail framework and all through the general public, and carry negative consideration regarding the framework. â€Å"Gang associated detainees contain around 18 percent of the 18000 prisoner population.†(Seabrook) A developing quantities of prisoners and a lot of them carrying out longer punishments for fierce violations propose a prominent increment in groups and savagery in the jail framework in the forthcoming future. History â€Å"Prisons started to swell with group individuals when states established harder laws for pack related wrongdoing in the mid to late 1980s.†(Martinez) On one hand the laws instituted got posse individuals off the road, yet in another way it exploded backward by not halting the gangs’ action. â€Å"In numerous ways their number and force became much more in prison.†(Martinez) The issue of packs and viciousness has been tended to ordinarily during the time by the United States Correctional Board however the load up presently can't seem to pay attention to the issue. Foundation Most group individuals in penitentiaries are acquainted with the â€Å"gang life† at an early age and enter jail a part, yet some become a part once in the slammer chiefly for the assurance the posses are known to give. Packs are known to deliberately scare different detainees, in this way strengthening the motivation behind why â€Å"one out of each ten male inmates† turns into a part once in jail. (Knox) Most of the individuals who enter jail a part were condemned for medicate offenses. Jail groups are notable for the treatment of unlawful substances, liquor, or tobacco inside the remedial offices, this is just a ... ... of Gangs and Security Threat Groups. National Gang Crime Research Center. 2005. Web. 28 Jan. 2012. . Martinez, Pila. Novel Attempt to Curb Prison Gang Violence. The Christian Science Monitor. The Christian Science Monitor, 1 July 1999. Web. 28 Jan. 2012. . Jail Gangs - Gangs and Security Threat Group Awareness. Florida Department of Corrections. Florida Department of Corrections. Web. 28 Jan. 2012. . Seabrook, Norman. Jail Violence on the Rise. USA Today. Buisness Library, Sept. 2005. Web. 28 Jan. 2012. . Yanez, Dominick. â€Å"Security Threat Group’s in the Correctional System Overview.† Sam Houston State University, Huntsville. 13 April. 2012. Talk.

A study of girish karnads yayati

An investigation of girish karnads yayati As a peruser of Karnads plays, one needs to focus on their sources. Pretty much every content has a source in that the plot is gotten from some place. The basic wellsprings of his plays incorporate legend, society story, Puranas, verifiable narratives, stories and so forth. He appears to have motivated from Shakespeare who follows a similar propensity of adjusting perceived plots. The cutting edge playwrights will in general utilize unique plots, or any notable authentic or political occasion, or adjust a famous Greek fantasy. There is nothing amiss with the act of adjusting any known or obscure content since it might give you the new knowledge into the source content. A few pundits even say that each writing depends on another writing as it conveys the echoes of its procreator. For Peter Allen, abstract writings are worked from frameworks, codes, and customs built up by past works of writing (2000: 1). The activity of discovering how the first messages are adjusted and the new impor tance produced in the process merits endeavoring; it offers us with another point of view regarding the matter, occasion, plot and so forth. The adjustment is typically a procedure of placing a source content into another type, a sort of switch over. Numerous fictions have been changed into fruitful plays or movies and the other way around: Jhumph Lahiris Namesake, for example, is made into a film. In the West, it is a mainstream practice to perform an exposition story or fiction. Some of the time, the adjusted content gives a sort of editorial on a source content (Sanders: 18). It offers another point of view, a perspective which isn't understood or centered in the source content. It attempts to rearrange a troublesome or ambiguous book to the new readership. Present day Shakespeare is a generally excellent case of such practice. It is a sort of reevaluation of the standard messages either by trim them into an alternate kind or migrating their social setting. In addition, the more the adjustment strays from the source message, the more inventive and unique it becomes. The subject of loyalty towards the source content is unimportant as it subverts the inventiveness and ingenuity of the adjusted content. The ongoing accomplishment of adjustments is an away from of each one of the individuals who term these goes about as impersonations, replicating or unoriginality, or reiteration. This is on the grounds that they continue or draw out our pleasure of the source content. As John Ellis puts it, Adaptation into another medium turns into a methods for drawing out the joy of the first introduction, and rehashing the creation of a memory (1982: 4-5). Adjustment is a ceaseless procedure; as long as the source content supports its pertinence, a need to adjust it would be felt. Adjustment of a well known story is a gainful undertaking for some reasons. It has just pulled in the consideration of perusers. It has arrived at a huge segment of individuals, and its properties-title, writer, characters-might be an establishment in or of themselves as of now (wikipedia). Every one of these reasons brief authors to endeavor adjustments normally subsequently to be guaranteed of the achievement of their works. Despite the fact that adjustment into a phase play is a typical movement, it has its own constraints due to the spacio-fleeting limitations of the stage. A writer needs to work inside these limitations by embracing different methods, for example, ellipsis, addition, story and so on. Karnad draws in himself in what Genette calls transgeneric practice for example adjusting mythic stories, society accounts and recorded annals into dramatization. He takes plots from these sources and conveys them in new sensational structures. In that sense every one of his plays are transpositions in which the first accounts are adjusted with the stylish shows of a totally extraordinary conventional procedure (Sanders: 20). Shaped into another structure these writings offer another point of view of life which is pertinent in the current setting. Karnad gets plots from these sources since he feels that they are significant and empower him to think about the contemporary social and political life in a progressively inconspicuous and efficient manner. There are numerous restrictions and taboo things on the planet which can not be examined unmistakably. Else you would welcome the rankle of society pointlessly. Sources, for example, fantasy, society or recorded occasions/lives of verifi able figures offer him with a wellbeing valve which empowers the statement of the inadmissible or taboo thoughts in a worthy way. To lay it out plainly, one can cover ones remark on the current social and political conditions with these adjustments. Take the case of Tughlaq which is viewed as an investigate of Post-Nehru period in Indian legislative issues. Tughlaq helps Karnad in communicating the bafflement after the demise of Pandit Nehru successfully. The play that began Girish Karnads fruitful profession as a dramatist was Yayati. It was written over half a month in 1960 when Karnad was wanting to leave India for Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar for a long time against the desires of his folks. Subsequently, the play had its importance that more seasoned age request forfeits with respect to more youthful age. In contrast to his other play, it was Priya Adarkar who initially interpreted the play. It filled the need until Girish Karnad himself wanted to decipher it in 2008. As a matter of fact he was hesitant to contact the play, a work of his juvenilia (composed when he was just twenty two.) The current interpretation of the play by Karnad is, consequently, changed and advanced with the recommendations from Satyadev Dubey, Dr. Shreeram Lagoo, and C. R. Simha. On the recommendation of Kurtkoti, Karnad, in Yayati, attempted to reevaluate the legend psychoanalytically like Eugene ONeill. Karnad was especially affected by ONeills Mourning Becomes Electra and needed to accomplish a similar sort of force. Karnad found the legend of Yayati-Devayani-Sharmishtha wealthy in opportunities for the declaration of mental and physiological needs of people and social commitments. It was formed on John Anouilhs plays as he was impacted by Alkazi (who had enormous impact of Anouilh). He encountered Anouilh through Alkazi and composed his first play Yayati which was motivated from Anitigone. The fantasy of Yayati-Devayani-Sharmishtha has been ceaselessly adjusted in Indian writing. It has been transformed into numerous plays and books. There are films dependent on the legend. In Marathi writing, the two Jnanapith Awardees Khandekar and Shiravadkar (Kusumagraj) adjusted the fantasy into a novel and a phase play separately. Indian scholars interest with the fantasy of Yayati still exists and works dependent on the legend pour in consistently. Nonetheless, Karnads adjustment holds a significant spot in these dwarfing adjustments. He challenges the very authority of guardians by imagining the character of Chitralekha who addresses the ethical authority of Yayati in assuming control over her spouses youth on the absolute first night of their marriage. As indicated by Devdutta Pattaniak (2006 article: Myth Theory), in Hindu folklore there is a celebrated Yayati Complex, that is, guardians anticipating penances with respect to their youngsters to satisfy their childish thought processes. He named it as converse Oedipus Complex. In Greek folklore, there are various stories portraying a child answerable for the demise of his dad. For instance, the acclaimed story of Oedipus Rex. Notwithstanding, in Hindu folklore we have the converse circumstance for example a dad decimates his child to satisfy his aspirations. Regardless of whether it is Bhisma, Rama or Pooru, they need to forfeit for their dads. The Yayati Complex demonstrates the ethical commitments in Indian family which even Karnad needed to keep when he chose to go to Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar for a long time. Henceforth, Karnad utilized the fantasy to show the complexities of Indian family structure and challenge its ethical position which makes children like Pooru to forfeit their prime and valuable things to keep it flawless. He composes, While I was composing the play, I saw it just as a departure from my unpleasant circumstance. However, thinking back, I am stunned at how decisively the legend mirrored my nerves at that point, my hatred with each one of the individuals who appeared to request that I penance my future. When I had got done with taking a shot at Yayati-during the three weeks it took the boat to arrive at England and in the forlorn houses of the college the legend had empowered me to understandable to myself a lot of qualities that I had been not able to show up at sanely. Regardless of whether to get back at last appeared the most minor of issues; the legend had nailed me to the previous (2008: 74). Karnad keeps up with the first account similarly as the past of the characters is concerned. The prenuptial clashing connection of Devayani and Sharmishtha, Yayatis experience with Devayani whom he found in a well after her fight with Sharmishtha, and his marriage with Devayani structure the piece of composition which is spread through the play. In the play, Yayatis contact with Sharmishtha and readiness to wed her irritates Devayani. She makes her dad Shukracharya revile Yayati for his offense to become dilapidation. In the first story, Devayani finds out about the marriage among Sharmishtha and Yayati from their children. Insertion is a typical element in adjustments. Karnad too imagines the character of Chitralekha as a spouse of Pooru. Her capacity is to questions the ethical authority of Yayati in taking her spouses youth for his arousing delight. She proposes Yayati to assume control over the job of spouse. Chitralekha: I didn't know Prince Pooru when I wedded him. I wedded him for his childhood. For his capability to plant the seed of the Bharatas in my belly. He has lost that intensity now. He doesnt have any of the characteristics for which I wedded him. Be that as it may, you do. Yayati (confound): Chitralekha! Chitralekha: You have assumed control over your children youth. It follows that you ought to acknowledge everything that comes connected to it. Yayati: Whore! It is safe to say that you are welcoming me to fornification? (2008:65-66) The proposal of Chitralekha commits Yayati understand his error and her self destruction drives him to return

The Benefits of Couples Therapy While Separated

The Benefits of Couples Therapy While Separated Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems Print The Benefits of Couples Therapy While Separated By Jodi Clarke, MA, LPC/MHSP twitter linkedin Jodi Clarke, LPC/MHSP is a licensed professional counselor and mental health service provider with over 20 years of experience in the field. Learn about our editorial policy Jodi Clarke, MA, LPC/MHSP Updated on February 17, 2020  Maskot / Getty Images More in Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems LGBTQ Violence and Abuse Love is a top priority when thinking about entering into a long-term committed relationship. In fact, 88 percent of Americans report that love is the most important reason to consider getting married.?? We want to feel loved by, and be in love with, our partner. Relationships are faced with more pressure than ever before. In addition to the long-standing stress of things like finances, life transitions and family dynamics, couples are also faced with challenges of emotional bonding and keeping intimacy alive. We look to our partners for comfort, reassurance, and closeness and feel hurt when we are not experiencing that kind of connection in our relationship. Partners can find themselves stuck in unhealthy patterns of disconnect and, over time, start thinking that they are no longer meant to be together. Separation Before Divorce The American Psychological Association (APA) estimates that the divorce rate has remained steady, between 40 and 50 percent  for couples in the United States.?? As couples find their relationship is in distress, they may come to assume that things are over and cannot be healed or repaired. However, it may be reasonable and beneficial for couples to consider separation while discerning what step to take next in their marriage. Some reports are starting to show that the trend of divorce may be on the decline, which could be attributed to factors such as:People waiting until they are older to get marriedCouples choosing to live together rather than marryIncrease in couples participating in counseling together Deciding on a Trial Separation Trial separation can be an option for couples who are struggling in their relationship but unsure if divorce is the right next step to take. When partners are not getting along, they may choose to live in separate locations as they attempt to work through challenges they are experiencing within themselves and within the relationship. Some people consider a trial separation to be a move of one foot out of the door and a stepping stone to divorce or the ultimate end of the relationship. Each couple is different and there are a variety of reasons for entering a trial separation. Divorce is not inevitable for these couples.?? In fact, relationship counseling can be of significant benefit during this time when partners are living apart and can be somewhat removed from the unhealthy patterns they experienced with each other while living together. How to Ask Your Partner for Counseling While Separated You may wonder if there is ever a good time to approach your partner about counseling to see if they will go with you. The reality is, the best time to ask is when you believe that counseling could help your relationship. When you are separated, yet still believe that couples counseling could be of benefit to your relationship, the reward of asking your partner to participate in counseling may outweigh the risk. So, how do you ask your partner? Keep in mind that it is most often fear that stops people from entering the counseling process. You or your partner may fear experiencing more emotional pain in the process, or perhaps being perceived as the bad guy or the broken one. Take time to reflect on your own fears about the process of counseling and what your partner may fear in getting started.?? Allow space for both of you to talk openly about the concerns and, if possible, make an effort to research counselors together to find someone you both feel you may be comfortable with. Finding Your Counselor There are many counselors and other clinicians who state that they work with couples but are not always adequately trained in this specialized work, so it will be helpful for you to do some research before selecting a counselor for your unique situation.?? One primary factor to consider is the counselors training specifically related to marriage and relationship counseling. You will want to know that the counselor you choose will be able to understand the delicate status of the relationship while being able to help you calm and navigate the waters of relationship healing and repair. Dont be afraid to contact a few different counselors in your area and ask questions about the services they offer. When talking with a counselor, questions you may want to ask include:What is your training in relationship counseling?How long have you been working with couples?Do you work exclusively with marriage and relationships?Do you feel comfortable working with couples who are separated?What can we expect as we begin counseling with you? Taking time to ask a counselor questions like these can allow you to gain a better understanding of their specialized training, their experience in working with couples and how they may be able to help you and your partner during this challenging time. The Best Online Marriage Counseling Programs What Separation Counseling Can Offer Marriage counselor Dana Vince, MA, LPC, MHSP, suggests that there are plenty of benefits a couple can experience in counseling while separated. Just as for couples who are still living together, she shares, Counseling can help you understand the patterns that occurred that led to this place, how to gain clarity and grow from the experience so that old patterns are not repeated. Ms. Vince states that for high-conflict couples, in particular, separation can help to de-escalate the conflict, allowing the relationship counseling to serve as a safe space to begin processing what is happening in their dynamic. She shares, Counseling can also help bring clarity and peace to difficult decision-making about the relationship. If you and your partner are currently separated, relationship counseling may offer you some of the following: Space to de-escalate existing conflictTime to gain understanding about what may have led to disconnectionSafe space to see and hear how the conflict is impacting each partnerTrusted guidance to navigate difficult decision-making about the relationshipSpace to process challenging emotions around the steps to take nextA sense of hope for reconnectionProfessional help to heal and repair the relationshipGuidance to manage a smooth transition back into the homeReconciliation to build a solid, healthy relationship A Word From Verywell Couples who are separated, or approaching a place of separation, are undoubtedly in distress. The emotions of each partner are likely running high while hopes for change and improvement run low. Couples counseling can offer you and your partner adequate space and time critically needed to determine what steps to take next in your relationship.?? Healing and repair may be an option with the help of a trained marriage counselor. Find out How Imago Therapy Can Transform Your Relationship

A Case Study Of T Mobile CRM Marketing Department - Free Essay Example

The Impact And Success Of Customer Relationship Systems: A Case Study Of T Mobile CRM Marketing Department 1.1 Introduction As has been commented upon in academic research, â€Å"today, in the business world, management recognises that customers are the core a business.† Expanding market share for any business relies upon the strength of their ability to be able to attract customers to purchase their product or service. However, it has not been until relatively recently that business has begun to understand that it is not solely the reliance upon attraction of customers that is important to success. Equally, if not more important, is the need to retain the customer and their future loyalty to the product offering or brand, as this is the only way in which the corporation can sustain their competitive advantage over other market players. Moreover, it has also been recognised that there is a significant cost benefit in the retention of existing customers in comparison with adding a new customer and this is especially true in an industry that has reached saturation point, w hich is certainly the case in the UK mobile telecommunications sector. 1.2 Background on CRM tools and systems Consequently, it is not surprising to find that an increasing number of businesses are becoming more focused upon the need for including customer relationship management (CRM) processes, tools and systems as a key element of their corporate marketing strategy. Indeed, in a survey conducted by Boston based Bain and Company, which covered 708 corporations across the Americas, Europe, Asia and Africa and resulted in 6,373 respondents, 78% were actively using management tools as a key element of their drive for competitive advantage, with the same percentage incorporating customer surveys within this strategic area. With the advancement of technology, both in terms of software, the internet and other developments, these CRM tools and systems have become more innovative as corporations seek to improve their customer retention and loyalty. It is this particular element of the CRM discipline that forms the focus for this dissertation which, by using T-mobile as a case study corporation, intends to undertake an assessment and evaluation of the impact that such tools have upon the corporations marketing department. 1.3 Case study T-Mobile T-Mobile is a wholly owned subsidiary of the German telecommunications giant Deutsche Telekom. The current brand name was introduced in 2002. Within its sector, the company is the worlds sixth largest mobile communications business, based upon the number of subscribers, and the third largest mobile multinational after Vodafone (UK) and Telefonica (Spain). Globally, the company has over 101 million subscribers. In the UK, T-Mobile has 13 Million subscribers and operates through 294 separate retail locations in addition to its online website. On the 1st July 2010, T-Mobile UK became part of a joint venture with Orange, operating through a new corporation called Everything Anywhere Ltd, which is â€Å"joi ntly owned by Deutsche Telekom and France Telecom.† Together the two businesses account for around 28 million subscribers and share administrative facilities. As stated, T-Mobile is operating within a highly saturated industry sector, which can be evidenced from recent statistics. For example, as can be seen from figure 1, mobile phone ownership had increased to over 80% by 2008 . More recently, by 2010, this number had risen to around 90% ownership of 2G and 3G mobiles (figure 2), although it should be noted that the number of actual mobiles owned significantly exceeds this figure because many individuals have more than one phone. Figure 1 Consumer durable statistics Source: https://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=868 Figure 2 Communications adoption 2010 Source: OFCOM (2010) In terms of market share, the statistics show that T-Mobiles percentage of the UK market has remained relatively static during the course of the five years to 2009, as inde ed has that of Orange, the company with which it has now formed an alliance. In contrast, O2, Vodafone and 3UK have achieved significant share growth during the same period. Superficially, at least, this appears to suggest that the latter corporations have not only managed to secure a greater rate of market share growth than T-Mobile but have also been more successful at retaining the loyalty of their existing consumer base. Consequently, this result suggests that there is a need for improvement in the T-Mobile CRM systems. Figure 3 Mobile phone market shares Source: OFCOM (2010) 1.4 Aims and objectives The aim of this study is to evaluate and assess the impact and success of CRM tools and systems within a practical corporate environment, in other words, it seeks to ascertain the extent to which these tools are achieving their goals of customer retention. Therefore, it is intended to resolve the following research propositions: 1. That CRM tools are having the ef fect of increasing customer loyalty to the T Mobile brand and improving repurchasing levels. 2. That the marketing department at T Mobile have been successful in introducing innovative CRM tools which has provided the corporation to achieve a competitive advantage over its main competitors within the mobile phone sector. To facilitate the robustness of this dissertation and the fulfilment of the aims that have been set, it is intended to conduct the research within the following framework of objectives. The focus of these objectives will be the mobile sector of the UK telecommunications industry, using T Mobile as the case study organisation: To provide a brief overview of the definition of CRM and its purpose within a corporate environment, with particular reference to its development and effectiveness of use within the UK mobile telecommunications sector To provide a detailed examination of the main challenges faced when using CRM tools and identify the latest tec hnologies that are being used to address these issues. To provide a critical analysis of the way in which the case study organisation, T Mobile, has introduced CRM tools and systems into their business. Moreover, this objective will also seek to investigate how these systems have been incorporated into the latest strategies developed by their marketing department. The final objective is to use the results of the research conducted t make recommendations for improvement, if applicable. 1.5 Scope and structure of dissertation To aid clarity and understanding of the content the remainder of this study has been formatted within the following framework. In the next chapter (2) a critical literature review is presented which concentrates upon the definition of CRM, the various tools and systems that are used to improve and enhance its management, as well as identifying how T Mobile have utilised these tools within their CRM strategy. Chapter three examines the methodology options available to the research and provides the reasoning for the methods that have been chosen, as well as indicating the limitations and how these have been addressed. Within chapter four, the research findings are presented and explained and these are further discussed in the chapter (5) that follows. The final chapter (6) brings the dissertation to a conclusion and, based upon the findings that have been discussed, also contains recommendations that are intended to assist the case study organisations and other in maximising the benefits the receive from effective implementation of CRM systems. Furthermore, as attachments to the main dissertation, additional appendices have been added. These comprise of a biography that provides details of all the publications and other information that has been relied upon and referred to within this study. Additionally, the appendices contain details of the primary research conducted, such as the questionnaires and interviews, toge ther with full details of the responses received. Chapter 2: Literature review 2.1 Introduction The academic and corporate interest in the importance of a relationship that a business can and should develop with their customers has been a part of the corporate strategy for some time . In this respect, it has long been recognised that the extent to which a corporation understands its customer and their needs will have a significant impact upon both their achievement of competitive advantage and in developing appropriate marketing strategy . However, since the middle of the 1990s CRM has not only taken the theory and art of interacting with customers to a new, more collaborative level, but the concept itself has become almost inextricably linked with the rapidly developing area of information technology and systems . In other words, from a practical, if not psychological aspect, the majority of CRM related studies are now focused upon its development and practice within the internal and external technologies tools and systems available to the corporation. Therefore, within this critical review of existing literature the intention, following a brief overview of the various definitions that have been applied to CRM, is to focus upon the CRM, how these are implemented in the IT environment, and to also evaluating the benefits and barriers. Following on from this the relationship between these issues and the manner in which they have been implemented within the case study corporation T-Mobile. 2.2. Defining CRM and its purpose As has been the case with almost every theory related to corporate strategy and management, there have been a number of attempts at providing a comprehensive and robust definition for the term CRM. These have ranged from the complex to the simple. At the former end of this scale is the lengthy definition that was used by Payne and Frow for the purpose of their research study into this area. Figure 4 CRM definitio n Source: Payne and Frow (2006, p.168) However, as Payne and Frow indicate the term, which gained prominence in the 1990s, has in the past been defined as â€Å"CRM can be interpreted as a process of digitizing a staffs knowledge about his or her customers.† Nevertheless, in view of the connection that exists between CRM and IT, perhaps the simplest and most appropriate definition that exists can be more succinctly described as it being â€Å"information-enabled relationship marketing.† 2.2.1 Purpose of CRM In terms of the purpose of CRM systems, from the corporations viewpoint, the consensus of opinion is that this can be applied to five key areas, which are as follows: 1. Acquisition of new customers The purpose being to secure new customers whose values equate with those that the firm or its brand is delivering. In financial terms, this will also reduce the fixed cost per customer, which can add further value by, for example, reducing product price. 2. Increasing revenue from existing customers This is achieved by encouraging existing customers to purchase other products or accessories, which in the mobile environment might consist of additional apps. 3. Improving customer retention rates Aimed at improving customer loyalty which will result in a continuation of their repurchasing habit 4. Reducing recurring costs Improvements made to internal/external systems should lead to a reduction in the cost of delivering messages and services to the customer without impacting adversely on quality 5. Reduce costs of acquisition Helps to improve the efficiency of attracting new customers, which has cost benefits 2.2.2 Key changes brought about by introducing CRM As can be seen from the following table (1), the design, execution and implementation of the CRM process within the business has an impact upon four key areas of its operations. Table 1 key change elements of CRM Source: Gurau et al (2 003, p.211) It is apparent that the two main elements of this change are the effect that it will have upon firstly, the customer and, secondly, the business employees. From a customer aspect, the process will be focused upon understanding and satisfying their needs, which at the same time will provide them with a greater sense of being appreciated and respected by the firm as their views are being listened too. The other aspect, which is interrelated with the first, is ensuring the efficiency of understanding that the staff have in terms of operating the new CRM system as, only through this approach will the customer satisfaction determinants be fulfilled. 2.3 CRM theoretical models There have been several theoretical CRM models developed over recent years, which have set out to provide an understanding of the way that these processes work and the interaction between the various elements. Of these, it is considered the two that provide the greater amount of detail abou t these processes are the QCI (figure 5) and Paynes five processes (figure 6) models. Figure 5 QCI model Source (Buttle 2009.19) QCI model developed by a consultancy firm Figure 6 Paynes five processes m model Source (Buttle 2009, p.20) Paynes five process model The benefit of the QCI model is that it shows the revolving and continuing cycle of the CRM customer based element. In other words, it defines the triple task of which is to win-back old customer, target new ones and continue to learn from the information gathered from the consumer so that the value of the product and brand can be constantly evolving to meet their changing needs and demands. Another important element of this model is that it indicates the bi-directional approach or communication between the various elements, which is essential in the development of a successful customer relationship programme. Conversely Paynes model, which has been adapted from Michael Porters ‘value chain, take s a straight line approach and splits the process into two distinct parts, these being the primary steps, related to external and customer activity, and the supporting direction, which is related to internal operations. In focus therefore, this model is targeting the impact of the relationship between the customers on the one hand and the profitability of the business. Nevertheless, it is apparent in both cases that there needs to be a robust link between all of the component parts and it is this link which has been found to be best created through the adoption and implementation of appropriate CRM IT systems. 2.4 CRM and IT As this review has revealed earlier, most CRM tools and systems are now implemented through the use of information technology and this is increasingly being seen as the most appropriate manner of controlling and measuring customer relationship. Nonetheless, in terms of corporate acceptance of this situation, this has been slower in materialising. How ever, this position is rapidly changing as indeed can be evidenced from a survey conducted in 2002 which showed corporate employees satisfaction with IT CRM systems increased from 35% in 2000 to 78% in 2992. It is apparent from this change of opinion that corporate employees have now begun to recognise the main advantages that exist within the new IT developments in CRM, which have been clearly identified within academic research (Table 2). Table 2 difference between old and IT based CRM Source: Gurau et al (2003, p.201) One interesting observation becomes immediately apparent from a review of this list is the increased interactivity force and power of the customer and the impact that this has upon the corporations and its drive for competitive advantage. For example, not only does the Internet provide bi-directional between the customer and the corporation, it also allows for the same to occur between customers, which means that their influence upon other and potent ial customers is much greater within the World Wide Web environment. For this reason, it is important that the best practice is adopted for the CRM systems. 2.4.2 Best practice for CRM in IT The first important factor to remember, which is linked to that discussed in the previous section is that CRN management tools usage on the internet should not be confined to just being price driven. The reason for this is that most online retailers have resorted to this approach, which reduces its competitive advantage for the firm. In addition therefore, the Internet message also has to achieve customer satisfaction â€Å"to increase competitive advantage† against other online competitors. The level of the customer satisfaction both with the product and with the relationship that he or she enjoys with the firm is a key factor in determining the extent of their loyalty to the firm and their repurchasing behavioural patterns. Moreover, as indicated within the following diagr am (figure 7), if there is a significant level of dissatisfaction being experienced, the person in question can act as a disruptive force. Through the communication means available on the Internet, these ‘dissatisfied customers can create adverse perceptions in the minds of potential new customers about the quality and appropriateness of the product and brand. This could act as a deterrent, dissuading these new customers from an initial purchase trial. Therefore, to ensure competitive advantage is maintained a high level of customer satisfaction with both the product and the brand and its service and promotion must be maintained, to such an extent that, as Shrimp and Madden â€Å"a triangular love relationship† develops between the brand product and customer. Figure 7 Customer satisfaction matrix Gurau et al (2003, p.201) 2.6 CRM tools, systems and their objectives 2.4.1 Use of Internal Tools and systems With regard to the internal implementation and management of CRM processes, the core factor is for the business to comment this process using a two-step process: Step one This step focuses upon the business and customer strategy review. Business strategy is to commence with an overview of the internal and external business environment. Customer strategy involves examining the existing and potential customer base to identify which segment is most appropriate for the business product Step two Consists of building a multichannel objective, which means that s number of channels must be managed in an integrated manner The multiple channels that are referred to in step two above will include a number of activities. For example, perhaps the most important of these is the need for a data depository (or memory bank) from which information can be mined and retrieved. In addition, the business will need to have front and back office applications which a) interface with customers, and b) include back office applicati ons that support internal administrative, supply and logistical processes. All of these elements must be aimed at improving the quality of service marketing that is applied to the external CRM tools. In other words, they should be designed to enhance the service value chain operated by the business and from the business viewpoint, the effective management of its customer base. Another of the beneficial uses of internal CRM tools is that it can be integrated with other computerised systems, providing information to areas such as the supply chain, resource planning and even financial systems 2.4.2 Use of external CRM tools In essence, most of the external CRM tools will be related to marketing , especially those that are focused upon the Internet and, in this respect can provide opportunities that can be used to adopt new marketing models that will enable the marketer to get â€Å"inside the lives [and minds] of your customer.† Within the offline environment, many businesses have used these systems for the purpose of direct mailing and the creation of loyalty and reward programmes, all of which are designed to improve customer retention and loyalty. Alternatively, in the online environment the marketers are provide with three main marketing opportunities, which include the development of a brand website and involvement with social networking, as well as online advertising. In relation to all of these opportunities, the focus for the marketer must be upon the creation of an interactive dialogue between the business and the customer to ensure the objectives and needs of each party are met. However, it is equally important, having implemented these processes, that their performance is monitored, which means that control systems, such as a KPIs or Balanced Scorecard approach needs to be also included within the process. 2.7 CRM at T-Mobile In relating the above elements of the literary review to the case study organisation, T-M obile, the extent to which this corporation has followed the advices and processes described in the previous section can now be identified. It is apparent from a visit to their website that the company is offering similar promotional material and product descriptions to those of other mobile organisations. Furthermore, in terms of building a customer relationship the site also offers a discussion forum, although it has to be said that this is not immediately apparent unless one visits the ‘contact us. Similarly, with the same criticism, the company has also engaged with online social networking, though this appears to be limited to the ‘Twitter site at present. Consequently, when all of this activity is added to the data that is collected from the contact us site and the further customer details that are required when requesting help, or making a payment, it is also apparent that the organisation must have the internal CRM systems available to enable it to devel op a data depository. From this, the business would be able to produce a targeting programme that can design offers for a specific group of customers, where existing or new. 2.8 Summary In summary therefore, it can be concluded from this review that the main elements required for the implementation of a successful CRM system that will deliver the goal and objectives of the business, must be based upon the following key factors: Mission vision Creating basic functions, structure and content that are designed to deliver customer satisfaction and are designed to prevent the death of the relationship Commitment Ensuring clarity of definition, good leadership and help from the supply chain to achieve objectives Monitoring Effective management, use and control of the information acquired and evaluating the ongoing performance Customer orientation Focus on committed customers and a loyalty programme with financial incentives tend to lead to a greater level of customer satisfaction. Also learning to see the brand through the customers eyes Marketing Concentrate upon firing up the front line Within the following chapters, it will be discovered the extent to which T-Mobiles current CRM tools and systems have succeed in these goals and objectives. Chapter 3: Research methodology 3.1. Introduction One of the most essentials prerequisites for the conduct of any study of this nature, which includes both an understanding of the theoretical processes and their transition into a practical commercial environment, is ensuring that the appropriate methodology is chosen for use . The following sections outline the approach that has been adopted for this dissertation. 3.2 Research philosophy The philosophy adopted for the study has been based upon a combination of the positivism and interpretivism approach. In relation to the former, the benefit is that it allows the researcher to introduce previously published facts an d concepts that can be reviewed objectively, for example, in this case such a modus would include previously published academic literature and the opinions of expert observers. Interpretivism, on the other hand, permits the researcher to observe the reactions and perceptions of individuals, which in this case would be those who supply mobile product and the consumers who use them. 3.3 Methodology strategy With a study that combines the theoretical with the effectiveness of its transitioning into a practical environment, the methodology chosen would rely upon either the quantitative or qualitative approach, or a combination of the two. The former allows for a more detailed and study of specific elements or opinions, for example, as would be gained from the use of an individual case study organisation or the conducting of interviews. The latter relies upon a large scale of investigation and, in this respect the use of existing academic resources or the conducting of a surv ey would have the desired outcome. 3.4. Choice of research methodology In considering the appropriate approach that would be suitable for this dissertation, the author has heeded the advice from other academics that a combination of the qualitative and quantitative approach might enhance the results and findings and has therefore decided upon this method. The reason for this choice is based upon the fact that, although only one organisation is being included as a case study, the size of the consumer market is considerable. The intention with the latter is to seek a consensus of opinion from these consumers as to what CRM strategies and tools are most likely to affect their purchasing and loyalty choice and for what reason. The data and information required from these approaches will be amassed through the secondary and primary data collection processes. 3.5. Secondary data collection process Secondary data comprise two areas of research, both of which will have been pre-published and generally available in the public domain. For the first part, this will include publications related to theoretical concepts related to the key elements of CRM and the models and tools developed which are available in books and journals located in either bookstores, libraries or reputable online publishing websites. The second part is the collection of statistics and other external opinions that have been made available from the Office of National Statistics, the OFCOM regulator and other NGO organisations or expert observers. 3.6. Primary data collection process Regarding the collection of primary data, three approaches have been used. The first of these was the case study itself, for which T-Mobiles own website has been used in conjunction with reviews related to the corporation that have been published by other industry observers. However, to appropriate and robustly address the aims and objectives of the dissertation it was also determined that the re was a requirement for the researcher to gather information, opinion and evidence from those considered to have a more intimate involvement with the industry sector . To achieve this situation it was decided to use an approach that combined the use of semi-structured interviews together with consumer surveys . 3.6.1. Semi-structured interviews For the purpose of semi-structure interviews, two employees from the case study corporation were chosen and, in addition, a representative from the OFCOM regulator and a consumer group . The benefit of this approach was that it provided the researcher with the ability to achieve an understanding of the CRM tools and strategies implement by the T-Mobile Corporation, as well as their views and opinion as to the success of these methods. 3.6.2. Questionnaire and survey The questionnaire took the form of an online survey , which was targeted to social networking groups as well as a similar survey conducted at one of T-Mobiles re tail location, where the corporations customers formed the respondents. These surveys, to which only the researcher had access to the results, were aimed at providing a collective consumer view and opinion in relation to the benefits the considered applicable to them from CRM processes. The questionnaire itself was constructed with a range of question styles. From the closed type which was used for responses such as age and gender, to the ‘linert style, which is designed to test the degree to which the consumer agrees or disagrees with a specific statement, with five choice options being available. 3.6.3. Ethical issues within primary research There are issues that need to be appropriately addressed with any primary research. Predominantly, these are related to data and privacy protection. In the design, construction and implementation of the semi-structured and survey used within this particular dissertation the ethical issues were dealt with in the following way. Firstly, as can be seen from the questionnaires, there were no questions that required the divulgence of any person data save for age and gender. In other words, no information of a personal or financial nature was requested. Furthermore, it was made clear to the respondents that their involvement with the survey was a matter of personal choice. With the interviews, again it was confirmed that participation was voluntary and, moreover, that privacy would be protected by not indicating the interviewee by name. In addition, in this case transcripts of the interview were sent to each participant for their agreement prior to the results being included within this study. Therefore, it is considered that the primary research processes have been implemented in a manner that cannot be seen to have caused harm to the respondents and, furthermore, comply with current protection legislation and codes. 3.7. Limitations The limitations that can be seen to potentially affect the ch osen methodology can be described as follows. Concerning the secondary research process, the main concern is to ensure two things. Firstly, it is important to ensure that the data has been collected from reliable sources and is, as far as can be assessed, free from bias or inaccuracies. Secondly, it is also important to ensure that the research relied upon is the most current available. With the primary research, it is equally essential to ensure that bias is not allowed to affect the design in terms of things like questions. In addition, the other limitation is related to the sample size selected for these events. Within reason it is considered that, taking into account the restrictions in relation to issues such as time, cost and geographical locations, the research conducted for secondary and primary purposes has reduced the impact of these limitations to acceptable levels. 3.8. Summary It is the researchers considered opinion that the methodology adopted for this study, as set out within this chapter, was sufficiently robust as to add value to current research into the area of customer relationship management and, in addition, has adequately addressed the aims and objectives.. Chapter 4: Findings and data presentation 4.1. Introduction The findings presented within this chapter include those related directly to the case study data provided in the introductory chapter, as well as the results of the primary interview and questionnaire results. 4.2. Case study and interview findings One factor that has become apparent about T-Mobile and its development over the past few years is that the UK market share for the business has not increased, in other words, if there has been any customer gains, these have been countered by similar levels of losses. This result appears to indicate that, to date at least, the business CRM process is not perhaps as robust as other competitors are, particularly when compared with O2 and Vodafone. However, this view of the CRM process does not appear to be a viewed shared by the two representatives of T-Mobile who took part in the semi-structured interview. 4.2.1. Interview findings The full transcripts of these interviews can be found in appendix 2, where it will be apparent that the majority of the questions were based upon the CRM tools and systems as they related to the online activity of the business. What was clear from the opening question was that all of the interviewees, including the two T-Mobile and two external organisation representatives, were agreed that CRM, when implemented effectively, bring a value to the business, which, as noted, is believed helps build this relationship: â€Å"Yes, I do think that CRM has a value. It has taken a while to realise what that is. However, I believe now that the greatest benefit is that it brings us closer to the customer and, equally important, allows us to respond to them in much less time than was previously the case† (Mr A) The next point of interest was in respect of the implementation process itself. Although accepting that there had been some difficulties in this area, for T-Mobile it was not considered a major issue, which others thought would be the case: â€Å"If you adopt a robust change management strategy for the business, CRM should be no more difficult to implement than any other internal system. True, one can never say that implementation will be perfect but most good corporations should not experience significant difficulties† (Mr C) The next few questions put to the interviewees related specifically to the website, its suitability and ease of use the extent to which it got its message across to the consumer. The responses, as outlined below, were generally positive in all of these areas: â€Å"It certainly gets the product message across and I believe that it is relatively easy to navigate. It also provides a lot of opportunity for customer feedback and discussion, which helps us to keep in touch with their needs† (Ms B) â€Å"From a surfers viewpoint, I would say the T-Mobile site is relatively simple and easy to navigate† (Mr B) â€Å"Obviously, I would say that the main focus of the website in sales orientated. However, in addition to this it is also a ideal vehicle for market research. It helps us to find out how customer needs are changing and that provides us with a basis for future product development† (Mr A) However, a number of the interviewees did notice an issue that needed improvement, which was directly related to the CRM element. This was explained particularly well by one of the external interviewees: â€Å"My personal opinion is that the main issue is in fact the CRM process. Apart from the standard link to contact us, which some consumers are adverse to using, indications as to how the customer can communicate with the business online need to be enhanced, for example , by making access to the discussion forum more visible† (Mr C). In assessing the interviewees perception of the consumer response to the CRM element of the website, this being related to communications and information gathering, the consensus of opinion was that, because of the rise in popularity of social networking, most consumers were not concerned about disclosing information online, providing it was not of a personal or financial nature. However, in return, they did expect to be treated correctly by the company, which as the marketing representative from T-Mobile acknowledged was an area they focused upon managing effectively, as she explained: â€Å"We have dedicated IT people who role it is to ensure that our response to any issues that are raised by customers are dealt with quickly. They may not be able to answer every question, but at least they can respond to the customer and tell them when they will have the answer. Communication is important and the d iscussions allow us to maintain this effectively† (Mr A) With regard to other online activity by T-Mobile, this was confirmed by their representative to be occurring in a number of areas: â€Å"Yes of course. We are on Twitter, which allows us to let people know about new products. Our TV advertising can often be found running on sites like YouTube, which gets the message across to a global audience. Finally, members of our staff are also interactive with other social networking sites† (Mr A) The final aspects of the questions put to the interviewees related to the benefits in cost terms and whether it had improved the customer experience, thereby improving retention and loyalty. In relation to cost, their was agreement that CRM had certainly been beneficial in this respect, both in relation to reducing the cost per customer With regard to the improvement of customer perception, the following is the opinion of the T-Mobile interviewees: â€Å"Obviously, the customer is better placed to answer this question than me. However, from the interactions we have with customers, the general view appears to be that they find the experience of dealing with the company now that it has all the online facilities, much better than in the past† (Mr A). However, as will be shown in the next section, this perception may not actually agree with the reality of the consumers feelings. 4.3. Questionnaires The questionnaire survey was conducted in two parts, with one being carried out online, with the help of T-Mobile, and the other being conducted at two of their retail sites. Full results are attached in appendix one, with the graphical results being used for this section of the dissertation. The total number of respondents was 121 over the three locations, with the age demographics as indicated in table 3. Table 3 Question 1 Please indicate your age group 18-25 19 19 12 50 41.32% 25-40 10 9 5 24 19.83% 40-56 12 8 5 25 20.66% 56 + 8 7 7 22 18.18% The next two questions focused upon the choice of provider and the quality of the phone product (figures 8 and 9). Not surprisingly given the locations, 40% were T-Mobile customer. In relation to the quality of the product, although 60% found these to be average or above, it should be worrying for the providers that such a large percentage were not satisfied with the product. Figure 8 Question 2 Figure 9 Question 3 The following pair of questions focused upon how the respondents used their phones and what had enticed them to buy it in the first place (figures 10 and 11). Text messaging was the main usage, but what was considered interesting was the fact that a very similar percentage used their phone mainly for connection to the Internet, which shows the increasing popularity of online usage for mobile phones. The increase in the online connection with the mobile phones sector is also reflected in the fact that nearly 40% purchased their phones through or because of this medium; with on the spot high street decisions to purchase being relegated into third position behind the enticement of the companys advertising material. Figure 10 Question 4 Figure 11 Question 5 In the first two of the questions that related more direct to the management issues of CRM, it was concerning to note that despite the fact that a reasonably high percentage of consumers were of the opinion that the customer service they received was good (45% approx, figure 12), a slightly larger percentage were of the opposite opinion, and this was reflected in the fact a significant majority indicated that they were not committed to purchasing future products from the same mobile provider (figure 12). Figure 12 Question 6 Figure 13 Question 7 Questions 8 to 10 focused upon the respondents perception of T-Mobiles promotional activity. Another concern arises here for T-Mobile in that the response to the website was not as pos itive as might have been expected (figure 14). In contrast however, there was a very positive response to the companys advertising campaign (figure 15), although it did not appear that either of these promotional activities would make any difference to the consumer buying habits (figure 16). Figure 14 Question 8 Figure 15 Question 9 Figure 16 Question 10 Next, with questions 11 through to 14, the survey focused upon the quality of the product and service provided. Wit h regard to the product (figure 17), Text and Internet fared best and cost worse and this is also evidence in the responses to question13 (figure 19). Figure 17 Question 11 The quality of the provider coverage was also an issue for many of the respondents (figure 18). Figure 18 Question 12 Figure 19 Question 13 Consequently, it was not surprising to find that a reasonable percentage of the sample, were of the opinion that other providers products and services would be better (figure 20). Figure 20 Question 14 One key aspect of CRM is how corporations earn customer loyalty. It is apparent that, for these respondents that, of the areas this element of CRM addresses, the product is the one that is productive in this respect with communication between provider and customer considered as least effective. Figure 21 Question 15 Next the respondents were asked how their provider communicated with them and in this respect the Internet again had a slight edge over other methods (figure 22). This again confirmed the growing importance of the Internet within the mobile phone sectors promotional and customer relationship activities. Figure 22 Question 16 The final two questions (17 and 18) focused again on customer service and the impact that this would have upon consumer retention and loyalty. In the first of the results (figure 23) customer service featured as the lowest element that would attract consumers to a provider and this was reflected in the reit erated evidence that a sizable percentage of the respondents would not commit themselves to remaining with the same provider in the future (figure 24). Figure 23 Question 17 Figure 24 Question 18 4.4 Summary It is apparent from all of the findings that have been presented within this chapter that there is a divergence of views on the effectiveness of CRM between the corporation, as per the interviews, and the external evidence, both statistical and from survey results. It is these differences that will be further discussed in the following chapter. Chapter 5: Analysis and discussion 5.1. Introduction The focus of this dissertation has been to assess and evaluate the effectiveness of CRM processes within a practical environment. The findings disclosed in the previous chapter indicate that, at least in relation to T-Mobile, there are some areas of doubt in this respect, the cause of which forms the basis of this analysis and discussion. 5.2. The effectivene ss of CRM at T-Mobile The findings from the interviews and survey appear, to a certain extent, to contradict each other. For example, while T-Mobile recognises the importance of CRM, as have others that have featured in the literature review, and the management believe it is achieving the desired objective, this is not the perception of the consumer. The survey respondents perception is that, in at least two of the key areas that CRM is intended to make a positive contribution to customer retention and loyalty, there appear to be failures. These are customer service and interactive communication. Clearly, the respondents do not believe that the communication process is as effective in this case as academic theory has suggested it should be and is therefore not delivering to customer satisfaction. Perhaps part of the cause for this could be said to be related to the structure of the companys website. There is agreement amongst the interviewees that the link to the discussi on forum on T-Mobiles website is not immediately apparent. With the average time consumers spend looking for such detail on a site being measured in seconds; this could be perceived as a major drawback to this site achieving the clarity of function and message that is recommended for best practice. Similarly, this defect might also be partly responsible for the fact that the quality of customer service has received such an adverse response in the survey. If customers believe they are not being listened to and their needs and demands are not being satisfied, they more likely to migrate to other competitors, which is what appears to be happening in the case of T-Mobile. At the very least, this migration is matching the level of new customers being attracted to the company. Consequently, as has been evidenced from the lack of increase in market share, it can be concluded that the CRM policy and strategy is not being implemented in a manner that is enabling T-Mobile to achieve a competitive advantage over other corporations operating within this industry sector. 5.3. Summary Based upon the previously presented findings and these brief discussions of the issues, it is considered that T-Mobile has to implement changes to its current CRM processes. These are required as part of an effort to improve the level of consumer retention and loyalty to a position where it will result in the company achieving a more sustainable position of continuing growth of its UK market share. Recommendations related to these changes are presented within the concluding chapter of this dissertation. Chapter 6: Conclusion and recommendations 6.1. Introduction In concluding this research project and the case study related to T-Mobile, it is now possible to resolve the propositions that were set out within the introductory chapter and also to present recommendations related to the improvements required by the company as well as future research. 6.2. Propositions The initial propositions set were as follows: 1. That CRM tools are having the effect of increasing customer loyalty to the T Mobile brand and improving repurchasing levels. 2. That the marketing department at T Mobile have been successful in introducing innovative CRM tools which has provided the corporation to achieve a competitive advantage over its main competitors within the mobile phone sector. The statistical market share evidence and the results of the survey conducted during this study indicate that the first proposition has not been proven. The companys market share position has remained stagnant during the past five years at least. Furthermore, it has failed to sufficiently convince consumers that it is a corporation with whom they can build a robust relationship. Certainly, this applies in relation to the currently level of CRM being sufficient to both offset consumer losses and increase market share. Regarding the second proposition, there is some evid ence that some benefits have been derived from the innovative use of CRM within the marketing department, particularly in relation to the companys current advertising campaigns. Nonetheless, here again it is apparent that, taken in isolation, this success has not been sufficient to provide impetus for market share growth. 6.3. Recommendations The recommendations that are being made relate to two areas, these being improvements to CRM suggested for T-Mobile and considerations for future research. 6.3.1 T-Mobile There is a need to redesign and re-launch the company website, with particular attention being focused upon promoting the business discussion forum and links to other online social networking activities, in a prominent position. This promotion should be apparent irrespective of the page of the website that consumers might visit. It is recommended that the business conduct a comprehensive programme of market research, covering both existing and potential cons umers. The aim of this should be to assess the consumers perception of concern in relation to the potential relationship with the company so that these can be addressed and incorporated into a revised CRM and marketing strategy. 6.3.2. Future research It is recommended that further research in this market sector, using other competitors for case study purposes would add value to the results of this dissertation. In the first place it will identify whether there are specific issues related to CRM success which occur in a saturated market sector if so, how these manifest themselves. It is further recommended that similar research should be conducted with other industries and their sectors. The purpose of this is to ascertain to what extent, if any, the CRM approach to the Mobile phone sector warrants a more focused approach to CRM practices that is the case in other sectors. 4. Summary It could be considered that the size of sampling used within the primary researc h for this dissertation is low and therefore might not be representative of the wider market. However, it is considered that the support provided for these findings from external statistical analysis of the market serves to confirm these findings. It is therefore concluded that the findings add value to the discussion relating to the effectiveness of CRM and also serves to highlight the issues that arise if the CRM practices are not implemented and managed in a robust and efficient manner. Bibliography Arnold D (1992). The Handbook of Brand Management. London: Century Business Bagozzi, Richard P. Gurhan-Canli, Zeynep and Priester, Joseph R (2002). The Social Pyschology of Consumer Behaviour. Buckingham: Open University Press Bailey, Craig (2005). Unlocking the Value of Your Customer Satisfaction Surveys. CRM Today, May 2005. Bruhn, Manfred (2006). 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Contemporary Strategy Analysis. 5th edition, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Gr eenberg, Paul (2009), CRM at the speed of Light, 4th Ed. New York: McGraw Hill Gurau, C., Ranchhod, A and Hackney, H (2003), Customer Centric strategic planning: Integrating CRM in online business systems. Information Technology and Management, Vol.4, pp.199-214 Harvard Business Review (2001) Harvard Business Review on Customer Relationship Management, Boston: Harvard Business Review Johnson, Gerry., Scholes, Kevan and Whittington, Richard (2007). Exploring Corporate Strategy. London: FT Prentice Hall Kelly, Sean. (2005). Customer intelligence From Data to Dialogue. Chichester: John Wiley Sons Ltd Kolter, Philip. Wong, Veronica., Saunders John A and Armstrong, Gary (2004). Principles of Marketing. 4th European edition, London: Pearson Education Ltd Kolter, Phillip (2002). Marketing Management. 11th edition. London: FT Prentice Hall Kracklauer, Alexander H., Mills, Daniel, Q and Seifert (2003). Collaborative Customer Relationship Management: Taking CRM to the N ext Level. New York: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg Lancaster, Geoffrey and Massingham (2001). MarketingManagement. Berkshire: McGraw-Hill Nguyen, T.H., Sherif, J.S and Newbym M (2007), Strategies for successful CRM implementation, Vol/15, No.2, pp.102-115 OFCOM (2010), The communications market 2010, Available from: https://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/market-data-research/market-data/communications-market-reports/cmr10/ [Accessed 6 November 2010] Oliver, R.L. (1999). Whence consumer loyalty? Journal of Marketing, 63 (Special Issue), pp.33 – 44. Oliver, R.L., Rust, R.T., Varki, S. (1997). Customer delight: foundations, findings, and managerial insight. Journal of Retailing, 73, 311 – 36. 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(2000) Researching and Writing Dissertation in Business and Management. Thompson Learning Saunders, M. Lewis, P. Thornhill, A. (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. Shimp, T.A., Madden, T.J. (1988). Consumer -object relations: a conceptual framework based analogously on Stermbergs triangular theory of love. In: Houston M.J. (ed), Advances in consumer research, Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, vol. 15 pp. 163 – 168. Steward, D. W. Kamins, M. A. (1993), Secondary Research: Information Sources and Methods, 2nd Edition, London: Sage Publications T Mobile (2010) About T Mobile, Available from: https://www.t-mobile.co.uk/services/about-t-mobile/ [Accessed 3 November 2010] Thomson, M., McGinnis, D.J., Park, C.W. (2005). The ties that bind: measuring the strength of consumers emotional attachment to brands. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 15, 77 – 91. 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Focus On Face And Fat Revealed In New Plastic Surgery Case...

Focus on Face and Fat Revealed In New Plastic Surgery Statistics More Patients Using Their Own Fat to Sculpt A new study by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons shows that Americans want their face and bodies to look as good as possible as revealed in their annual stats on plastic surgery procedures which show an increase of 3% in cosmetic procedures over the previous year. ASPS statists show there were 17.1 million minimally-invasive and surgical cosmetic procedures carried out in the U.S in 2016. The study reveals an increasing trend in both facelifts and fat. Filling and Sculpting Done Using Patients Own Fat From harvesting fat to improve other body parts to reducing body fat, the study shows new trends in cosmetics connected†¦show more content†¦Its All About that Face As per the latest data, facelifts made a comeback in 2016 after falling out of the top 5 most performed cosmetic surgical procedures in 2015. As per Dr. Johnson, patients are intrigued by the immediate improvements to their faces as shown by how popular face shade and shape apps and filters have become. Although other options for facial rejuvenation are available, having a facelift performed by a plastic surgeon that is board-certified will provide dramatic, long-term results. This is why facelifts are back in the top 5 of the most performed cosmetic surgical procedures. Top 5 Minimally-Intrusive and Cosmetic Surgical Procedures Cosmetic surgical procedures for this year overall increased at a rate of 4%, which was slightly higher when compared to cosmetic procedures that were minimally-invasive which grew by 3%. Although body augmentations are still popular, the face was the focus of 3 of the top 5 cosmetic surgical procedures. In 2016, almost 1.8 million cosmetic surgical procedures were carried out and the top 5 included: 1. Breast augmentation (290,467 procedures, an increase of 4 % over 2015) 2. 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Definition and Examples of Grammaticalization

In historical linguistics and discourse analysis, grammaticalization is a type of semantic change by which (a) a lexical item or construction changes into one that serves a grammatical function, or (b) a grammatical item develops a new grammatical function. The editors of The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar (2014) offer as a typical example of grammaticalization . . .  the development of be going to into an auxiliary-like item be going to. The term grammaticalization was introduced by French linguist Antoine Meillet in his 1912 study Levolution des formes grammaticales. Recent research on grammaticalization has considered whether (or to what extent) it is possible for a grammatical item to become less grammatical over time—a process known as degrammaticalization. The Concept of "Cline" Basic to work on grammaticalization is the concept of a cline (see Halliday 1961 for an early use of this term). From the point of view of change, forms do not shift abruptly from one category to another, but go through a series of small transitions, transitions that tend to be similar in type across languages. For example, a lexical noun like back that expresses a body part comes to stand for a spatial relationship in in/at the back of, and is susceptible to becoming an adverb, and perhaps eventually a preposition and even a case affix. Forms comparable to back of (the house) in English recur all over the world in different languages. The potential for change from lexical noun, to relational phrase, to adverb and preposition, and perhaps even to a case affix, is an example of what we mean by cline.The term cline is a metaphor for the empirical observation that cross-linguistically forms tend to undergo the same kinds of changes or have similar sets of relationships, in similar order s.(Paul J. Hopper and Elizabeth Closs Traugott, Grammaticalization, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2003) Have Got to According to Bolinger (1980) the modal auxiliary system of English is undergoing wholesale reorganization. Indeed, in a recent study, Krug (1998) observes that have got to for the expression of necessity and/or obligation  is one of the biggest success stories in English grammar of the last century.  Such claims suggest that  synchronic data spanning  several generations in apparent time may provide insight into the mechanisms underlying ongoing grammaticalization processes in this area of grammar. . . .In order to contextualize these forms  in terms of their development and history, consider the history of the modal must and its later quasi-modal variants have to and have got to . . ..Must has been around since Old English when its form was mot. Originally it expressed permission and possibility . . ., [b]ut by the Middle English period a wider range of meanings had developed . . ..According to the Oxford English Dictionary  (OED) the use of have to in the sense of oblig ation is first attested in 1579 . . ..The expression have got to on the other hand . . ., or with got by itself, . . . entered the English language much later--not until the 19th century . . .. Both Visser and the OED label it colloquial, even vulgar. . . . [P]resent-day English grammars usually consider it informal. . . .However, in a recent large-scale analysis of the British National Corpus of English (1998), Krug (1998) demonstrated that referring to have got to  or gotta as simply informal is quite an understatement. He found that in British English of the 1990s  have got to  or  gotta  were one and a half times as frequent as the older forms must and have to.According to this general trajectory, it would seem that the construction with got is grammaticalizing and further that it is taking over as the marker of deontic modality in English.(Sali Tagliamonte, Have to, Gotta, Must: Grammaticalization, Variation, and Specialization in English Deontic Modality.  Corpus A pproaches to Grammaticalization in English, ed. by  Hans Lindquist and Christian Mair. John Benjamins, 2004) Expansion and Reduction [G]rammaticalization is sometimes conceived of as expansion (e.g., Himmelmann 2004), sometimes as reduction (e.g., Lehmann 1995; see also Fischer 2007).  Expansion models of grammaticalization  observe that as a construction ages, it may increase its collocational range (e.g., the development of BE going to as a future marker in English, which first collocated with action verbs, before extension to statives), and aspects of its pragmatic or semantic function (e.g., the development of epistemic modality in the use of will in examples such as boys will be boys).  Reduction models of grammaticalization  tend to focus on form, and particularly on changes (specifically, increase) in formal dependency, and phonetic attrition.(The Oxford Handbook of the History of English, ed. by  Terttu Nevalainen and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. Oxford University Press, 2012) Not Just Words, but Constructions Studies on grammaticalization have often focused on isolated linguistic forms. It has frequently been emphasized, however, that grammaticalization not only affects single words or morphemes, but often also larger structures or constructions (in the sense of fixed sequences). . . . More recently, with the increasing interest in patterns and particularly with the advent of Construction Grammar . . ., constructions (in the traditional sense and in the more formal explications of Construction Grammar) have received much more attention in studies on grammaticalization . . ..(Katerina Stathi, Elke Gehweiler, and Ekkehard Kà ¶nig, Introduction to Grammaticalization: Current Views and Issues. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010) Constructions in Context [G]rammaticalization theory adds little to the insights of traditional historical linguistics despite purporting to offer a new way of looking at data concerning grammatical forms.Still, one thing that grammaticalization definitely has gotten right in recent years is the emphasis on constructions and on forms in actual use, and not in the abstract. That is, it has been realized that it is not enough simply to say, for instance, that a body part has become a preposition (e.g. HEAD ON-TOP-OF) but rather one must recognize that it is HEAD in a particular collocation, e.g. at-the-HEAD-of that has yielded a preposition, or that HAVE turning into EXIST is not necessarily just a random semantic shift but rather is one that happens in the context of adverbials . . .. This is a big step forward, since it takes semantic change especially out of the realm of the purely lexical and places it into the pragmatic domain, deriving changes from inferencing and the like that are possible for words in constructions with other words and in actual, contextually keyed usage.(Brian D. Joseph, Rescuing Traditional (Historical) Linguistics From Grammaticalization Theory. Up and Down the Cline—The Nature of Grammaticalization, edited by Olga Fischer, Muriel Norde, and Harry Perridon. John Benjamins, 2004) Alternate Spellings: grammaticalisation, grammatisation, grammaticisation