Reflective Practice Essay

1. Understand how to reflect on practice in adult social care 1.1 Reflective practice is the ability to constantly monitor one’s own performance in a given role and make adjustments where necessary. For me as carer, reflective practice is particularly important because no two cases will ever be the same and it is vitally important to remain reactive and reflective at all times. Reflective practice has been demonstrated to have significant benefits when it comes to the delivery of person centred care, and can help me to ensure that I am able to accurately assess the needs of each resident as an individual rather than as a case number to be merely care for. With reflective practice widely regarded as one of the most important elements of modern care work, it is essential that all care workers become familiar with reflective practice methods. 1.2 Reflective practise is important because it helps me develop and imrpove my practise by thinking about what am I doing. It is about thinking hings over. It can help me to understand feelings and the wider issues involved. By reflecting on events it can allow me to make sense of something that has happened or been said and and possibly see the meaning and reason behind someone else’s actions or words. By reflecting on our own actions we are able to see areas where we could improve, change strategies or actions. It is great tool to aid our learning. This is explained by ,,Kolb’s learning theory’’. David Kolb proposed a 4-stage experiental learning cycle that applies to all learners. He sugested that immediate or concrete experiences provide a basis for observation and reflection. 1.3 It is my responsibility to ensure my knowledge and skills ate up to date. It is important to regulary attend training. Legislations and procedures are constanly changing and it is important to maintain my knowledge and keep it current. The GSCC code of practise states that carers should: – Be accountable for quality of their work and take responsibility for maintaining and improving their knowledge and skills – Undertake relevant  training to maintain and improve their knowledge and skills + contribute to the learning and development of others. – Seek assistance from employer o appropriate authority if there is any doubt about how to proceed in work matter. 1.4 Beliefs systems can be method for understanding, organising and making sense of the world around us. By exploring our own peronal values and beliefs we are able to understand our own individual perspectives of life and world around us. As a care assistant I need to be careful not to impose my own values upon the service user. I can easily fail to recognise service user’s rights to their own standards and beliefs because I held too rigidly to my own beliefs. There may be many differences between my values and standards and service user’s such as: – Having a bath only once a week – Different sexual preferences – Wearing thick, winter clothes in summer – Refusing medication†¦ Im responsible for providing an equal, not discriminatory and inclusive service to all service users no matter what how different are their values from mines. 2. Understand the importance of feedback in improving own practice 2.1 Constructive feedback should include both positive feedback and opportunities for development. Giving both positive and negative feedback enables others to fully understand the impact of what it is they are doing, so that they can continue the effective and correct the ineffective. Feedback is intended to improve an individual’s contribution and develop better staff morale. When feedback is given constructively, people will often respond positively. After all, most people are keen to improve. However, because feedback can be seen as criticism, they sometimes react by: – trying to defend themselves – choosing not to hear what is said – selective reception – doubting the motives of the person giving feedback – denying the validity of the feedback – rationalising why they behaved the way they did – making excuses for their behaviour Because of this, careful consideration needs to be given to how feedback is delivered, making it positive and helpful. 2.2 Feedback is important because: – sets up target and the person knows what to improve on – gets the person motivated and focused – help identify weaknesses and strengths – express and stress what is important to the organisation and the job and hence what the person concerned should prioritise – builds moral and relationship between examiner and worker (depending on how the feedback is given and what sort of work culture there is), in turn, this builds on the credibility of the feedback – induces competition and challenge – a form of motivation – encourages a learning environment, as oppose to a win-lose performance environment – encourages initiatives and ‘risk’/taking chances  confident. I asked her everything I wasn’t sure about and explained to her my feelings. Supervision and feedback is very useful and help me to improve my practise. Informal: should be given to me by my service users, colleagues of family members. It can be just a little comment about my-self, about work I am doing. I always need to be ready to listen. Who can give me better feedback on my work if not my service users? If I’m not sure if I’m doing my job properly, I can always ask my customers. I can prepare a box and tell them to write comments on my work. Then I should read it carefully and apply it in my work. 3. Understand how a personal development plan can contribute to own learning and development 3.1 A personal development plan is a tool that helps one to organise their life activities in terms of certain objectives. It can constitute of personal or professional goals or both e.g. goals on career, relationships, education and health. It is advantageous as one can transform their goals into an achievement. Components may include: – Objectives: What do I want to be able to do or do better? – Actions: What methods will I use to achieve my learning objectives? – Success criteria: How will I recognise success? How will I review and measure my improvement? – Achievement date: When do I expect to achieve my objectives? – Implementation: How will I practise and apply what I learn? 3.2 Everyone should have their own personal development plan. This should be an up to date record showing trainings attended and any training and development needs identified. These needs should have been identified by my-self, my manager or assessor. During my I work I can find out that I need more training in administration of medication, my manger can feel that I need some more training in moving and handling due new equipment need to be used in my workplace. Also my assessor can realise during y supervision that my health and safety training needs to be up dated. This is all kind of support for me in planning and reviewing my development plan. I can also learn from observing more experienced colleagues, working and discussing  issues as a team, reading books/newspaper or searching for support on internet. 3.3 Others may include: – The individual: my service users have the most important role in my personal development because they are the ones I am doing it for. To provide the best care and support for them. Their reactions on my work, satisfaction/ not satisfaction will show me where the gaps are or what my strengths are. – Carers /colleagues: Because my work is mostly teamwork my colleagues play an important role in my personal development plan. Working in team improves my communication skills, common sense†¦ If I find out that I am a role model for one of my colleagues I should know I do my job well. – Supervisor/ line manager: my manger is here to support me with all my needs, doubts and questions. By observing me she can find areas in my work which needs developing so she can provide training for me. – NVQ assessor: comes to observe me and helps me with my work. By observing and working with me she can find gaps in my knowledge and advise me where to find information to develop my skills. 3.4 Benefits of PDP to professional life – Clearer ideas about the kind of life and work I want. – Greater confidence in the choices I make. – Greater confidence in the skills, qualities and attributes I bring to the career of my choice. – Being in a better position to compete for jobs. – Being better able to discuss my skills, personal qualities and competences with employers. – Better problem-solving and planning skills. – Developing the positive attitudes and approaches associated with successful professional life. Many employers now expect employees to understand their own performance – and to know how to adapt to meet times of increased workload, stressful situations or conditions of change. Employees are expected to respond well to change. Whilst some employers offer training, it is more typical for employers to expect graduates to arrive ready to manage both their own performance and the performance of other people. Time devoted to understanding what influences your own performance can be very well spent. It is also important to be aware of how your behaviour affects other people. Employees are often expected to show personal commitment to their continuous professional development (CPD), actively seeking out information, training and events that will keep their skills and knowledge up-to-date. Knowing how to learn, and how you learn best, will be invaluable in the work place. Benefits of PDP to personal life – A better understanding of myself – Being in a better position to make appropriate choices to meet my aspirations. – Greater awareness of my needs and how to meet these. – Greater awareness of the unique contribution I can make. – Developing a positive, forward-looking approach.

Midsouth Chamber of Commerce Essay

Midsouth Chamber of Commerce (A) Wednesday August 24, 2010 Brian Putallaz Midsouth Chamber of Commerce, a nonprofit, member driven, business advocacy group is in the processes of upgrading their current information system. Midsouth has decided they need to upgrade their information system to a more currently system, in order to increase revenue producing opportunities. Their original IS system was built by an outside consultant (who is no longer in business) on a departmental need base, rather than a company wide need. The original system was put into place in 1987, with modifications done in 1993, and 1995. During this time all IS decision were made by outside consultants, since there were no in house IT personnel. During the spring of 1996 the decision was made to hire Simon Kovecki as a systems analysis. Simon came to MSCC straight out of college and without every working with a membership organization or working with accounting software. He was placed in a difficult position since the company which originally built the system, was out of usiness so he had no ‘road map† on how the software was built. In 1998 there was reorganization and all computer system was put under Jeff Hedges domain. This again placed Simon in difficult position because Mr. Hedges was as Vice President of Public Finance. Mr. Hedges lacked a technology background and often found himself wrapped up in other projects and too busy to attend to the technology side of his duties. The reorganization would have been a perfect opportunity to add a IS manager to the ranks of upper management, but MSCC declined to do so. Later in 1998 a decision was made to move to a complete new system, an AS 400 system called UNITRAK. This particular company was chosen by Leon Lassiter and was poorly vetted. The software was in its infancy, they had only sold 1 copy, and changes were still being made to the software. During the selection process the MSCC IS analysis Mr. Kovecki, was largely ignored, as well as end users of the system. In early 1999 the decision was made by the board to move forward with purchasing and implementing the UNITRAK system. Thing did not go well, Kovecki lacked project anagement skills and proper guidance from above. Due to the lack of an IS manager in the ranks of upper management there was no one to keep the project on track. This resulted in a poor migration that was months to late, data was corrupted and os an the new system NITRAK was inoperable. Jack Wallingford: President of Midsouth Chamber of Commerce Ed Wilson: Vice President Public Affairs Did not seem to be interested in IS side of organization. Later was key in pulling away the lone IS employee during a key time of the implementation. Leon Lassiter: Vice President of Marketing/ Membership Wore many hats for the organization. While he seemed to have a vision as to what he wanted in an IS system, he was unclear on how to go there. He made decision to go with UNITRAK and made some key mistakes during his decision making process. Ted Vassici: Initial information systems person for MSCC, as an outside consultant He built and made all IS recommendation for MSCC until 1996. His company later went out of business and he was not available for questions on his custom developed oftware. Simon Kovecki: Information Systems Analysis Kovecki was the lone IS employee, though his concerns with UNITRAK were largely ignored, he was tasked with the migration to the new system. Jeff Hedges: Vice President of Public Finance Though he lacked a technology background, during the reorganization in 1998 was placed in control for all computer systems within the organization. He had a very lackluster interested in the new UNITRAK system. Greg Grinder: President UNITRAK Perhaps his software was to new and not quite ready to be used. Out of all of these roles I believe the biggest mistake the company made was placing computers systems under Jeff Hedges. He lacked the background for it and did not have the proper vision for it. Although he was in charge of information systems, he was not involved in choosing a new system, and seemed mostly concerned with keeping their old accounting system intact. Even went as far as calling the system â€Å"Lassiter’s system†, although he was in charge of IS. Hedges did not buy into the UNITRAK system and he was not a champion of it. However he is tasked to implemented for the organization. UNITRAK was a software company in their infancy and had only sold and implemented their software once prior to MSCC. Although they were new, they seemed excited at the chance to work with organization such as MSCC and seemed very willing to adjust their software fit the end user. A big win for them, a chance to see and learn how their software would work in the field. One issue was Lassiter acting as the primary contact for UNITRAK, although the employees in charge of the

CURRENT ISSUES IN FINANCIAL REPORTING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

CURRENT ISSUES IN FINANCIAL REPORTING - Essay Example Off-balance-sheet-financing is that debt that is not usually reported on a company’s balance sheet. The formal distinction between off and on-balance sheet items present some complications that are usually subject to some level of judgment by management. However, the primary distinction between the off and on-balance sheet items is based on whether or not a business/company owns or is legally responsible for that debt. Additionally, uncertain liabilities or assets are subject to being grouped as ‘probable’, ‘meaningful’ and ‘measurable’. Some of the examples of the off-balance sheet items include; unconsolidated subsidiaries, operating leases, financial instruments such as hedging contracts and derivatives securities, contingent assets/liabilities among many others (Bauman, 2003). Financial statements need to be adjusted from time to time so that they are able to reflect the economic substance of the information they represent. Companies should, therefore, focus on accounting methods that emphasis on economic substance by considering changes in accounting policies. Economic substance is a transaction that has a purpose besides reducing tax liability. Conversely, Sally and Schreiber states that, â€Å"The economic substance doctrine is a common law judicial doctrine that disallows tax benefits of a transaction if the transaction lacks economic substance or a business purpose.† Therefore, transactions and events should be accounted for in a manner that faithfully represents their true economic substance and not the mere legal form. The off-balance sheet items; thus, provide a reason financial statements often fail to faithfully represent the economic substance. Off-balance sheet activities usually do not represent the true picture of a net worth of a firm. This is because firms do not include market values of their off balance sheet items. Furthermore, the transparency of off balance sheet activities are

Moral Obligation and Legal Duty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

This summary is not available. Please click here to view the post.

Beck Depression Scale Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Beck Depression Scale - Essay Example One final goal of assessment is to get a clear understanding of the structure and functioning of the family. The MFT has specific information that he is looking to obtain during the assessment process. First and foremost, the MFT wants to gather as much information as possible on the problem the family is faced with. This includes the length of the current problem, the family's history of conflict, the family's history of solutions, and the family's motivation to rectify the current problem. The MFT also wants information about the structure of the family, such as any cultural or religious influences, socioeconomic status, and the hierarchy of the family. At the same time, the MFT wants to understand how the family functions; their conflict resolution strategies, how well they communicate with one another, each member's role in the family, and individual and collective goals. Finally, the MFT is interested in finding out what the family's goals are for therapy. There are many different ways in which the MFT can gather this assessment information, but they all fall into two broad categories: qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative assessment allows the therapist to make inferences about certain behaviors and reactions of family members during an assessment task, whereas quantitative assessment is in the form of a standardized instrument, usually a pencil-and-paper questionnaire or scale. There are many advantages of using qualitative assessments. The family plays a larger, more important role in the assessment process, the assessment becomes part of the treatment process since this type of assessment tends to be therapeutic in and of itself, the therapist can pick and choose different techinques that fit nicely with his specific theoretical orientation, it allows the therapist and family to work together in assessing the information obtained, the family is often more committed to therapy because of the vital role they play in the assessment process, individual family members learn from one another and can learn how each member is affected by the family as a whole, allows the family to be viewed in a three-dimensional context, and it can be used with families from various cultural, ethnic, and religious backgrounds (Deacon & Piercy, 2001). There are many qualitative techniques available for the MFT. Qualitative assessments include the use of art, guided imagery, photographs, role playing, sculptures, free association, metaphors, and circular questioning. The idea behind this type of assessment is that it takes the focus off of the individual, and places it on the task at hand, often making the clients less defensive and more emotive (Deacon &Piercy, 2001). While there are many advantages to qualitative assessment, it is not for everyone. Some therapists and clients may not feel comfortable with such exercises, and these exercises may in fact exacerbate any anxiety felt towards therapy instead of relieving it (Deacon & Piercy, 2001). In such a case, these exercises should not be pushed. If these activities are forced, the information gathered will most likely be scarce. Deacon and Piercy also note that while qualitative assessments can provide the therapist with a wealth of information, it cannot provide certain informa tion that can only be obtained through quantitative asse

Data Mining Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Data Mining - Assignment Example Raw data that is stored in the business corporate database increase day by day and as time passes. This is from various numerous credit and cash transactions in the company which is measured in gigabytes or terabytes. This data is usually stored in the centralized database; the raw data does not provide much information. Data warehousing Companies have decided to store their data and invest in a tremendous resource. The information and data on their potential and current customers is stored in this data houses as they are becoming part of the technology. These warehouses are used in consolidation of data which is located in the desperate databases. This data houses store stores usually stores large quantities of data on categories for easier and faster retrieval and interpretation by users. They also enable business managers and executives to store and retrieve large amounts of transactions, and the data required in responding to markets and make more informed business ideas and deci sions. Better decision making When the best and available data are collected, data analysis are performed and the most appropriate predictive model is created which results in better understanding on the customers reactions and behaviors towards the marketing programs and reasons for leaving the business. To add on this, various models may results in increased funds success, late payments and reduced bad loans. The good predictive analytics aids businesses in the use of information of previous events to project on new future projects and a good outcome (Olson & Delen, 2008). These are pattern based predictions which are based, on the interrelations between elements of data that cannot be seen on a spreadsheet analysis which leads to a good decision and accurate information. Data mining is a powerful tool which makes it good for business analytics, and the models utilizing procedures to bring about deserving results in customer service. It is also easy to determine which good have be en sold and the resulting reactions from customers with increased abundance of data and information, and the growing interrelationship in departmental functions. The processing of customers response can also be time consuming and demanding, labor intensive and expensive in terms of the company staff and this makes its predictive analytic activity to enhance the discovery of products sold to customers. Web mining This technique involves data mining processes such clustering, prediction and the modeling of the differences that analyzes the results of intermediate action, in addition to this, apart from data mining, web mining is a dependent of a real time system that invokes targeted offers on behalf of a process which can be up selling and customer retention and requirement analysis from the customers. This also supports individual marketing of customers based on horizontally collected data in numerous data sources as various transactions occurs. In web mining, real time data process es are identified across all transactions with customers and hence an instance feedback is obtained and hence is the best tool to prevent anomalies and fraud. Clustering This is the method of which data items are grouped in data mining according to their logical relationships on consumer preferences this data is mined to prove market segments or consumer affinities (Han & Kamber, 2006). The most important

Money management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Money management - Essay Example If I invest the KD 500,000 with a life insurance company then I may be able to earn a stable income each year with adjustments for inflation. Based on discussions with my insurance company the following table reflects the amount that I would receive if I invest in an insurance policy that makes adjustments for inflation and pays my estate the balance of my policy at death. Table 1 in Appendix 1 provides the necessary information. The table shows an initial investment of KD 500,000 and indicates that over a 20 year period and assuming a 3.5% rate of interest and an inflation rate of 3%, I would be able to have an inflation adjusted income of KD 15,000 in year 1 continuing to $26,302 payment in year 20. The table only shows 20 years because I assume that the number of years that I will live after retirement is approximately 20. This policy however, continues as long as I am alive. The balance on the account at year 20 suggests that there will be sufficient funds for me to earn an income many years after year 20. In fact, my principal amount only starts declining in year 12 suggesting that I will be paid out of interest earned on the investment only up to year 11. After year 11 the payments will start affecting my principal. My total receipt up to year 20 would be KD 403045.62 with a balance on the account of KD 443,861.55. This indicates a net return of KD 346,907.17 ((KD 403,045.62 + KD 443,861.55) – KD 500,000). In the event that I choose to manage the funds personally then I would be able to make earnings at rates between 3 to 7 per cent. This fund would consist of a mixture of bonds and stocks with at least 60% of the funds in stocks. I would use the income generated from the fund n the first year – year 1 as a basis to determine my future income if I am to maintain the same standard of living. I therefore allow for an inflation rate of 3% as with the life insurance option. Table 2 in Appendix 1 provides information on this fund. An average rate of

Outline the key topics that underpin the study of Social Policy Essay

Outline the key topics that underpin the study of Social Policy - Essay Example Social policy encourages similar living standards for everyone in the society. This includes providing equal education, healthcare, employment, money, security, and other important necessities of life. There are some important bodies involved in social policy as well and these include government, official bodies, charitable organizations, social human beings, neighbors, and families (Alcock, May, & Wright, 2012). Social policy is not only concerned with what the government does for citizens. However, social policy refers to the social spending by any individual for other. Social policy defines the role of government to spend for the people. These spending include pension funds, hospitals, and schools. Based only on government, the social policy can vary depending upon several factors including economic situation. Social policy is a wide subject accompanying different approaches including sociology, psychology, history, economics, demography, and human geography. Therefore, it could also be defined as combining approaches from the different social sciences. Social policy may also include other important aspect such as the amount of spending that the government should make on defense, law and order, industry and agricultural employment, transport, sport and culture, international development, and debt interest. Although the government of most of the countries do more than one-third of the collected wealth, but the private spending in social policy is more than the services government providing. Understanding the term of doing well or good to human beings is complex. It includes different factors and the study of these factors is social policy, and social science. The above mentioned five key factors of social policy are given birth by the societies just because either society understands and recognizes the social human needs and gives an expression of social welfare. Another important believe of the social policy is that when it is

New Code Raises Standards of Pharmaceutical Ethics and Practice in UK Essay Example for Free

New Code Raises Standards of Pharmaceutical Ethics and Practice in UK Essay 1. Introduction Pharmacists play a role in the public health system and the provision of medical care public health system as critical as that of physicians. Most of the time, pharmacists only fill the prescriptions coming from physicians, but pharmacists often need to prescribe and dispense medicines on their own, especially over-the-counter drugs that people usually use for self-medication of common ailments.   With less prudence and circumspection, pharmacists may prescribe medicines that do more harm than good.   In recognition of these potential threats to the integrity of the pharmaceutical profession, the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (RPSGB) has developed a new code of ethics and performance framework, which provide that pharmacists and pharmacy technicians in the whole of UK receive quality education necessary for fostering the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values to provide a consistent and safe practice. In formulating the new pharmaceutical code of ethics, the Society, as the RPSGB is more popularly known in UK, noted how the profession has been smeared by controversies involving some of its members, regarding issues on assisted suicide, making a prescription error, sedating an unruly patient, dispensing high-cost drugs and recommending treatment that would allow parole7,,8.  Ã‚   This paper discusses the revised code of ethics for British pharmacists and pharmacy technicians as to the likelihood of its lifting the professional practice of pharmacy to new heights of ethical proficiency and integrity. 2. Literature Review The requirements of the revised code reflect key issues for modern pharmacy practice, such as encouraging patients to be involved in decisions about their care, respecting patient choice and working in partnership with other healthcare professionals8.   All the provisions of the code are supposed to reflect in the conduct, practice and performance of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians, designed as it is to promote and support a culture of accountability and professional judgment.  Ã‚   For this reason, the code sets out seven principles of ethical practice that pharmacists or pharmacy technicians need to observe in the pursuit of their profession.   2.1. Key Principles The revised code of ethics is based on seven principles, each of which is supported by requirements that explain the types of actions and behaviors expected of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians when applying said principles in practice. The seven principles are: 1) make the care of patients the pharmacist’s first concern; 2) exercise professional judgment in the interests of patients and the public, 3) show respect for others, 4) encourage patients to participate in decisions about their care, 5) develop professional knowledge and competence, 6) be honest and trustworthy, and 7) take responsibility for your working practices. Unlike previous versions, detailed standards and guidance will be produced separately from the code. Seven professional standards and guidance documents have also been developed to support and expand on the principles of the new code of ethics in the following areas: †¢ Patient consent †¢ Patient confidentiality †¢ Sale and supply of medicines †¢ Pharmacist prescribers †¢ Pharmacists and pharmacy technicians in positions of authority †¢ Advertising †¢ Internet pharmacy This means that people are forbidden to accept pharmaceutical work when they do not possess the necessary skills and competence7.   If they do have the proper knowledge and experience, the code says that the pharmacist should start work by establishing the scope of his role and responsibilities and clarifying any ambiguities or uncertainties about where his responsibilities lie.   In addition to complying with his legal and professional obligations, the pharmacist is also expected to keep up to date with and observe the laws, statutory codes and professional obligations relevant to his particular responsibilities8.   2.2. Role and Responsibilities If subject is a pharmacy owner, superintendent pharmacist or pharmacy manager in a hospital, trust, or other field of practice, the code obliges him to set the standards and policies for the provision of pharmacy services by his organization.   The idea is to make the organization – its premises, departments or facilities – properly maintained so that none of its activities would bring the pharmaceutical profession into disrepute.   For this purpose, all the medicines, pharmaceutical ingredients, devices and other stocks at the pharmacy premises or facilities are stored under conditions appropriate to the nature and stability of these products.  Ã‚   In hiring people, management of a pharmacy must conduct background check to ensure that they are qualified for the job and have no criminal records1. The code deems it important that the people employed in a pharmacy are conscientious enough to raise concerns about risks to patients or the public.   Thus, the pharmacy should emplace an appropriate and effective mechanism for staff to raise concerns about risks to patients or the public, including concerns about inadequate resources, policies and procedures, or problems with the health, behavior or the professional performance of others.   2.3. Ethical Development Ethical practice in any profession is commonly perceived to be the outcome of good education and training.   However, studies in the UK context reveal that classroom discussion and experiential clerkship training have no significant impact on the ethical decisions that pharmacists make later3.   In an interview of pharmacy students regarding parole and drug rationing, it was found that majority would recommend treatment to allow parole and restrict the use of expensive drugs6. The ethical choice here is between the benefits to the patient and the risks or costs to society. On physician-assisted suicide or euthanasia, few students expressed willingness to dispense any lethal dose of medication to terminally ill patients.   In cases of unruly patients, however, more students would dispense the appropriate sedative.   These responses give rise to questions so to whether pharmacy students are trained to be patient-focused in their future practice3. The code also specifies training on such aspects of pharmaceutical practice as good consultation skills and meticulous record keeping.   To the code, it matters if pharmacists forget to ask questions in a medication review or in dispensing a repeat prescription; or misinterpret body language and miss cues from patients about emerging problems. The reason is that pharmacists may be the only healthcare professional the patient is seeing routinely so it matters if they miss something or handle a clinical situation poorly.   2.4. Advertised Drugs A recent randomized controlled trial using model patients found that patient requests for advertised drugs were a stronger determinant of prescribing decisions than whether or not the patient had the condition the drug aimed to treat2. Another study of prescribing decisions in response to patient requests found that if a patient asks for an advertised brand, he usually receives it, although the physician is more likely to be ambivalent about these prescribing decisions6. These studies suggest a need for physicians and pharmacists to receive adequate training on how to respond to patient requests. The global withdrawal of the drug Rofecoxib from the market in 2004 illustrates this point. Rofecoxib was no more effective than alternative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in treating the symptoms of arthritis but it was widely promoted as safer and accepted by the public as such. Although there were studies that it brought the side effect of increased heart disease risks, the drug made it big in the market, with 80 million prescriptions worldwide3.   The market success of the drug is a testament to the triumph of marketing over science.   Only after the US Food and Drug Administration reported 35,000 cases of cardiac arrests and a congressional investigation was consequently held that the drug was pulled out.   The incident highlighted the need to ensure that health professionals are adequately prepared to evaluate promotional claims, and to assess and understand interactions with the pharmaceutical industry2. 3. Discussion Educators in many countries are clearly aware of the influence of pharmaceutical promotion on the health professions and wish to prepare students for this aspect of their professional lives. As a physician educator from India said, â€Å"†¦Whatever rational things we want to inculcate in them, that should be done in the student period itself. Once they taste big money then habits develop and later die hard9.†Ã‚   This is precisely the habit the code of ethics for UK pharmacists seeks to discourage. On pharmacy education, the literature agrees that there is no consistent, well-designed and deliberate approach to teaching students ethics during clerkship. Moreover, it has been observed that factors such as life experiences and normal maturation are likely to contribute to the students ethical development.   Acknowledging these limitations, the code simply seeks to determine if there were noticeable changes in the ethical decisions made by students at different points in their education. Since it was seen that classroom and clerkship experiences do not impact on the ethical decisions made by pharmacy students, the code encourages pharmacy schools to attend to this problem.   On top of the proposed agenda is a revision of the curriculum such that it can provide a deliberate and consistent ethical component to the clerkship experience5. A review of ethics literature in medicine and pharmacy found that pharmacy schools lag considerably behind medical schools in the integration of ethics into the curriculum1.   Additionally, medical schools were found to use a more patient-oriented approach to teaching ethics.   It is believed that a patient-oriented, clerkship-based approach could enhance ethics education and is worthy of further study.   The Society is thus currently making efforts to more effectively design and study alternative approaches to ethics education during clerkship, and throughout the pharmacy curriculum8. 4. Commentary The finding that pharmacy students do not learn ethical behavior from their classroom and clerkship experience in UK casts doubt on full compliance with the code of ethics for this type of healthcare professionals. The above studies conclude that students have a less defined professional ethical system, which may be due to a lack of pharmacy practice experience. They recommend that further studies be done to document the ethical growth and development of pharmacy students. Other authors have suggested that future studies longitudinally evaluate the influence of pharmaceutical education and training on the moral development and ethical behavior of students. Furthermore, it has also been suggested that ethics education should include both theoretical and practical components.   If the code of ethics has to influence the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians, concerned authorities must take these suggestions to heart.   Otherwise, the code will only be good on paper.

Presentation of the Principles of Science in the Movie Armageddon Essay Example for Free

Presentation of the Principles of Science in the Movie Armageddon Essay People have successfully created an advance and modern attack of imparting to students the principles of and topics relating to science or physics laws. What used to be a general learning course of study present in every curriculum of almost all school facilities was made into an exciting and entertaining education. This is attributed to the fact that the fresh approach utilizes films or movies to present and make students internalize and grasp scientific concepts in depth. This is achieved by studying and connecting every scene of a movie with the pieces of information derived from the important science or physics laws. By making students recognize and understand the effects of movie scenes and relating them to reality aroused the curiosity of students who normally regarded the subject as too difficult and dull when taught in the conventional manner. Ultimately, the presentation and use of the principles of science or physics in a movie have created more options for instructors to boost the improvement and benefits of the course to the studies of students and to the society in general. The 1998 blockbuster movie Armageddon top-billed by Bruce Willis (Harry Stamper), in particular, tells of a large and uncontrolled asteroid as large as Texas, which is bound to collide with our planet in 18 days. Harry, with his group of oil well drillers, is sent to space under a mission to stop this catastrophe from happening and prevent the destruction of the planet and mankind. To achieve this, they have to destroy the asteroid with a powerful nuclear bomb by placing it inside the asteroid (Bruckheimer Bay, 1998). From the perspective of physical science, it is actually during the drilling scenes of the movie that the principles of science and physics law are likewise being laid out. This explains the logic behind the showing of the horizontal speed and increased velocities of the asteroid, which was blown-up into pieces by the nuclear bomb. These two scientific conditions are actually aimed at showing how a powerful nuclear bomb can greatly destroy the asteroid at that intense speed and resulting its pieces in just avoiding the planet and eventually forbidding a tragic end. A scientific analysis of this condition creates an impression that the movie scenes have effectively presented the use of energy and momentum preservation, addition of vector, as well as the law of gravity. Moreover, the formula and calculations used by the characters in the movie provide an apparent introduction to the students of the principle of devising fair or sensible calculations or approximations. One particular example is the use of the asteroid and making it appear that its size is the same as that of Texas (Bruckheimer Bay, 1998). With this variable, it is assumed that Texas is a square size the surface area of which is equivalent to this U. S. state. Subsequently, the asteroid’s figure is estimated to be a cube, with each side equivalent to the surface area of the cited state. Therefore, the total mass or physical measure of the asteroid can then be adequately estimated by multiplying the amount of the cube by the normal density or concentration of the planet Earth. Thus, the nuclear bomb employed to detonate the asteroid which is equal to at least 100,000 bombs that were dropped in Hiroshima during World War II gave an estimate of the energy needed by Harry and his team to carry out the heroic task. Further presumption that all of the said energy turned into a kinetic energy separated equally between the two parts of the asteroid, would tell us that the length of the portions of the asteroid can be calculated. Results of the computation conclude that the direction where they are heading would turn perpendicular to its primary route of motion by the time they impact the planet. This could be possible when the energy required to blow up and separate the asteroid into two is ignored. The deflection for each asteroid piece is only a little over 200 meters. This will lead to the scenario that a two half-Texas-size, rather than only a Texas-sized asteroid, will reach and destroy the planet. This concept of physics was what Armageddon effectively presented. This explains why it is practically understandable for the United States, or any nation for that matter, to discover and pursue the movements of any object in the space that is likely to hit the planet or come near its crossing orbits. Armageddon was able to present that the principles of science or physics laws are beneficial to society. This is because the movie succeeded in realizing the purpose of increasing awareness on the said field of study among students. The movie also proved that recognizing the wonders of science can be breathtaking and satisfying especially when presented in the context of an entertaining film such as Armageddon. Reference Bruckheimer, J. (Producer) Bay, M. (Director). (1998). Armageddon. [Motion picture]. Burbank, CA: Touchstone Pictures.

Uncertainty in Illness Theory Analysis

Uncertainty in Illness Theory Analysis UNCERTAINTY IN ILLNESS THEORY MIDDLE RANGE THEORY ASSIGNMENT BYÂ  STEPHANIE MORRIS Background and credentials Merle Mishel strives to enhance patient outcome and care during uncertainty by identifying uncertainties and addressing them. Mishel has a Bachelor of Science degree in nursing from Boston University and Master of Science in nursing from the University of California. She also has a Master of Arts degree in psychology and a postgraduate degree in psychology (Bailey Stewart, 2014). Mishel had an experience with uncertainty via her father. Mishel’s father had colon cancer and his experience influenced her to develop the theory of uncertainty in illness. Mishel’s father was not able to understand what was happening to him and was unable to cope with the disease. Mishel’s father tried to control some aspects of his life while dealing with uncertainty of his disease. Mishel started focusing on uncertainty after she began her doctoral study in psychology. Her dissertation focused on the development of uncertainty measures and testing of the measures (Polit Beck, 2008) . She developed the theory of uncertainty in illness to understand how patients can deal with uncertainty caused by their illness. Mishel described the patients experience as ambiguity over uncertainty. She developed a scale to test perceived ambiguity in illness and later renamed the scale to Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Scale (MUIS) (Bailey Stewart, 2014). Middle range nursing theories provide clear guidance for nursing practice and they are less conceptual and abstract as compared to other theories (Alligood, 2014). The uncertainty in illness theory is considered a middle range theory as it fits into the definition above. Mishel used scientific and empirical evidence to develop the theory and the MUIS tool (Bailey Stewart, 2014). Theoretical source and empirical evidence Mishel used empirical and scientific evidence to develop the theory. Study findings on uncertainty were used to develop the antecedents of the uncertainty in illness theory. Research in cognitive psychology and uncertainty in diseases was useful in developing the antecedent concept. The appraisal concept was developed utilizing clinical data and discussion with friends. Clinical data showed uncertainty was a preferred state in some situations. She also used empirical evidence on stress and coping to develop the theory (Liehr Smith, 2014). Primary sources Mishel used different sources to develop the theory of uncertainty in illness. She combined research in different areas including managing dangerous events, cognitive processing and uncertainty. She used studies published before on stress and coping that examined uncertainty as a stressful event. She reevaluated her previous concept and used existing models from Warburton (1979). She used various different other studies and research such as Budner’s (1962) study which analyzed a certain event as the cause of uncertainty. Mishel significantly considered the stress-coping-adaptation method of Lazarus and Folkman (1984) in her theory. (Bailey Stewart, 2014). These theorist’s views influenced how she viewed uncertainty as a cognitive state instead of an emotional response, and helped her to examine uncertainty as a complex cognitive stressor. Basic considerations The main concept in the theory of uncertainty of illness is uncertainty. Uncertainity is the lack of ability to determine the meaning of events related to a disease. For instance, patients are unable to determine the outcomes correctly and assign value. Another concept is cognitive schema. Cognitive schema is an individual’s subjective interpretation of events related to the disease. There are three major themes related to the concepts identified above (Polit Beck, 2008). They include antecedents of uncertainty, appraisal of uncertainty and coping with uncertainty. Antecedents of uncertainty refers to things that happen before the disease experience that impact the patient’s thinking. They include pain, perception and earlier experiences. Appraisal of uncertainty entails placing value on the uncertain circumstance. Coping with uncertainty refers to activities the patient uses to deal with the uncertainty (Liehr Smith, 2014). Mishel has discussed the metaparadigm concepts in her theory including the environment, health, nursing and person. A person is an individual who experiences uncertainty in diseases. The uncertainty affects interpersonal relationships as the body changes. The environment refers to the healthcare environment where the theory is applicable. Uncertainity caused by diseases affects a patient’s health and patients should develop coping mechanisms to cope with the uncertainty. Healthcare professionals use MUIS tool to identify areas of the disease that are causing uncertainty. Then they address the areas to help the patient develop coping mechanisms that will enhance his health. Nursing is aimed at helping patients and families comprehend uncertainty in diseases and learn new ways of life. Nurses play a critical role in helping patients understand uncertainty in diseases and cope (Liehr Smith, 2014). Mishel made various assumptions when developing the theory. She assumed uncertainty is a cognitive state that represents insufficiency of a current cognitive schema to support the interpretation of events related to a disease (Polit Beck, 2008). Besides, she assumed that uncertainty was a neutral experience not harmful until it is appraised as harmful. She also assumed that individuals can cope with uncertainty in diseases and hence improve their outcome and quality of life. She also claimed that people do not function in an equilibrium state and they need time to concentrate on self. Thus, they are unable to incorporate the uncertainty into their view of life if there is not enough time (Liehr Smith, 2014). The uncertainty in illness schema consists of different themes related to the main concepts. The themes are antecedents of uncertainty, appraisal of uncertainty and coping with uncertainty. The antecedent theme comprises of stimuli frame, structure providers and cognitive capacity. Stimuli frame refers to the form and structure of the stimuli an individual perceives. The stimuli frame consists of symptom pattern, event knowledge and event congruence (Polit Beck, 2008). Symptom patterns imply the extent to which symptoms have a pattern. Event familiarity is the extent to which a situation has recognized cues. Event congruence implies the consistency between the expected disease related events and the events experienced. Cognitive capacity and structure providers impact the stimuli frame. Cognitive capacity refers to a person’s ability to process information (Liehr Smith, 2014). Logical Form The development of nursing theories should follow a logical process and must be in line with the underlying objectives (Polit Beck, 2008). Concepts and sub concepts should be clearly stated and described consistently without ambiguity. The uncertainty in illness theory is well developed as the concepts are clearly presented and easily understood. After Michel reexamined her concept in 1990 the uncertainty of illness theory became deductive due to her using qualitative studies and chaos theory. These research studies lead her to change the direction of the theory. The theory now states that people’s uncertainty is always changing due to major life events and illnesses (Bailey Stewart, 2014). Relationship to Research, Education and Advanced Practice in Nursing The theory of uncertainty in illness can be applied in different areas including education, nursing research and advanced nursing practice. The theory is used in advanced nursing practice to address uncertainty in different diseases and hence patient concerns regarding their diseases. This improves their outcome and quality of life. Patients learn how to cope with uncertain events by understanding the disease process. The theory can be applied in nursing research as it helps researchers understand experience of patients with chronic and terminal diseases (Polit Beck, 2008). The uncertainty in illness theory has been used in studies that focus on uncertainty related to cancer to understand sources of uncertainty in the population how to resolve them. It also used in education to equip nursing students with knowledge and skills required to understand disease uncertainty and coping mechanisms. Implications The uncertainty in illness theory has implications on advanced nursing practice. The theory influences caring of patients as it permits nurses to offer information to patients and families with uncertainty about the disease. Nurses are supposed to provide support to patients and families with uncertainty about their diseases. As a result, patients become emotionally and physically healthier and have strength to cope with the disease. The empowerment offered to patients and families enables them view life differently and increases quality of life (Liehr Smith, 2014). The uncertainty in illness theory can be used to care for a cancer patient the theory is useful in helping a cancer patient cope with the disease and eliminating uncertainty. Cancer can lead to stress because of the uncertainty around the disease, treatment and side effects. Cancer patients are unable to understand events related to the disease and these results to uncertainty and negatively impact their health. The theory can be used to help the patient understand the disease situation and make meaning and thus participate in the plan of care. Therefore, the theory is useful in educating the patient about cancer and addressing their concerns (Liehr Smith, 2014). Summary Merle H. Mishel’s theory of Uncertainty in Illness was initially focused on the person’s ability to resolve uncertainty. Although, she reevaluated and added the notion that uncertainty may never resolve, but will become part of the person’s identity and affect their perceptions and quality of life. The uncertainty in illness theory is essential in transforming patient care and experience. The theory helps patients understand uncertainty related with their illness and address the causes of uncertainty. They developing coping skills and hence are able to cope with the disease. The concepts are clear and well described. The theory can be used in nursing practice, nursing research and education as it is easy to understand and apply. References Alligood, M.R. (2014). Nursing theorists and their work. (8th ed.) St. Louis, MO: Mosby Inc. Bailey, Jr., D. E., Stewart, J. L. (2014). Uncertainty in Illness Theory. In M. R. Alligood, Nursing Theorists and Their Work (8th ed., pp. 555-573). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby. Liehr, P.R.., Smith, M. J. (2014).Middle range theory for nursing. New York, NY: Springer Polit, D.F. Beck, C. T. (2008).Nursing research. Philadephia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Appendix A: Schematic

Que Vive Espana! :: Personal Narrative Essay Example

Que Vive Espana! People always ask me: Who are the people that have changed your life? They ask: What is the most influential experience you have had? Those are hard questions to answer, because the things that have been most influential, the people that have been key... those are the things and the people that I cannot imagine my life without. Spain is like that for me. This semester I am back at school, basically going through the actions of my previous years, but I am DIFFERENT. I have ideas I didn't have before. I have thoughts I didn't have before. Something must have happened. Growth. My abroad experience was all about growth. Of course, every day of my life is about personal growth, but it is easier to "expand" outside of my own realm of comfort. Here, at school, it is easy to fall into routine, which hinders observation, and retards the process of "observing life". But those are just some theories of mime, which need illustrations to support them. So, what did I observe? The most wonderful thing about Spain is the way of life. It is noticeable right away: there are people in the streets at all times of day (except siesta), conversing, strolling, running into their friends and forgetting about that appointment they had in order to talk to them for hours. There is no concept in Spain of coming home and relaxing on the couch. No. People come home from work, eat, and go out. They need to talk to the vendors, to their neighbors. To them, this is life. The women need to meet their girlfriends in a cafe by the beach to have a drink. The men go to bars and discuss economics with the bartenders. And at might, people of all ages fill the streets: grandparents with their first grandchild in stroller out at midnight! In, general people love people. They work to live, mot live to work. It is a very strange, non-American attitude. I very much acquired a taste for it, this leaving the house to stroll, purposelessly, and by the end of my stay, I felt right at home b ecause I had made my own acquaintances while walking around who I looked forward to seeing daily. It is a very warm feeling. And a very safe feeling. A feeling that perhaps there are no secrets since everyone is out there talking about issues. Que Vive Espana! :: Personal Narrative Essay Example Que Vive Espana! People always ask me: Who are the people that have changed your life? They ask: What is the most influential experience you have had? Those are hard questions to answer, because the things that have been most influential, the people that have been key... those are the things and the people that I cannot imagine my life without. Spain is like that for me. This semester I am back at school, basically going through the actions of my previous years, but I am DIFFERENT. I have ideas I didn't have before. I have thoughts I didn't have before. Something must have happened. Growth. My abroad experience was all about growth. Of course, every day of my life is about personal growth, but it is easier to "expand" outside of my own realm of comfort. Here, at school, it is easy to fall into routine, which hinders observation, and retards the process of "observing life". But those are just some theories of mime, which need illustrations to support them. So, what did I observe? The most wonderful thing about Spain is the way of life. It is noticeable right away: there are people in the streets at all times of day (except siesta), conversing, strolling, running into their friends and forgetting about that appointment they had in order to talk to them for hours. There is no concept in Spain of coming home and relaxing on the couch. No. People come home from work, eat, and go out. They need to talk to the vendors, to their neighbors. To them, this is life. The women need to meet their girlfriends in a cafe by the beach to have a drink. The men go to bars and discuss economics with the bartenders. And at might, people of all ages fill the streets: grandparents with their first grandchild in stroller out at midnight! In, general people love people. They work to live, mot live to work. It is a very strange, non-American attitude. I very much acquired a taste for it, this leaving the house to stroll, purposelessly, and by the end of my stay, I felt right at home b ecause I had made my own acquaintances while walking around who I looked forward to seeing daily. It is a very warm feeling. And a very safe feeling. A feeling that perhaps there are no secrets since everyone is out there talking about issues.

Freezing Point Of Naphthalene :: essays research papers

Freezing Point of Naphthalene I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Purpose   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To determine the freezing point of a known substance, naphthalene II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Materials   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ringstand  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  gas source   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  test tube  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  test tube clamps thermometer naphthalene Bunsen burner goggles   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  hose  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  stopwatch III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Procedure   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Assemble the Bunsen burner, attaching one end of the hose to the burner and the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  other to a gas source.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Assemble the ring stand so that a ring clamp is attached to the stand holding the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  test tube that will be used in the experiment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fill the test tube to approximately 1/8 capacity with naphthalene crystals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Place the thermometer in the crystals so that it is surrounded by the naphthalene   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  powder but not touching the sides or bottom of the test tube. Use a clamp to hold   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the thermometer in place.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ignite the Bunsen burner and using direct heat melt the naphthalene powder until   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  it completely turns to a liquid. When the temperature reaches approximately 90o   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Celsius, stop heating.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Observe the change in temperature from 90o to 70o Celsius, recording the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  temperature at regular intervals, preferably 15 seconds. This data will be used to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  make a chart later.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once the temperature has fallen to 70o, melt the naphthalene which is now   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  frozen   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  to remove the thermometer. Properly dispose of the naphthalene liquid as   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  instructed by the teacher. IV.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Data   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Time Elapsed  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Temperature of Naphthalene  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Time   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Temperature   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Initial (0:00)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100oC  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7:00   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  78.5oC   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0:30  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  97.5oC  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7:15   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  78.3oC   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1:00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  93.0oC  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7:30   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  78.3oC   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1:30  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  89.5oC  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7:45   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  79.0oC   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2:00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  86.1oC  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8:00   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  79.0oC   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2:30  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  84.6oC  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8:15   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  79.0oC   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2:45  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  82.3oC  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8:30   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  79.0oC   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3:00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  81.2oC  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8:45   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  79.0oC   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3:15  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  81.0oC  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9:00   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  79.0oC   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3:30  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  80.5oC  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9:15   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  78.5oC   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3:45  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  80.2oC  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9:30   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  78.1oC   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4:00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  80.0oC  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9:45   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  78.0oC   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4:15  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  79.9oC  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10:00   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  78.0oC   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4:30  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  79.8oC  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10:15   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  77.5oC   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4:45  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  79.4oC  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10:30   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  77.0oC   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5:00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  79.1oC  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10:45   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  76.5oC   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5:15  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  79.1oC  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  11:00   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  76.0oC   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5:30  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  79.0oC  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  11:15   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  75.2oC   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5:45  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  78.9oC  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  11:30   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  73.8oC   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6:00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  78.8oC  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  11:45   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  73.0oC   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6:25  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  78.8oC  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12:00   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  72.1oC   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6:30  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  78.7oC  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12:15   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  71.1oC   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6:45  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  78.6oC  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12:30   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  70.3oC V.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Graph   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (See following pages) VI.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Calculations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Using 80.1 oC as the theoretical value for the freezing point of naphthalene, we can now   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  determine percent error.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Percent Error = ((Theoretical - Experimental) / Theoretical) x 100   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Percent Error = ((80.1 oC - 79.0 oC) / 80.1oC) x 100   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Percent Error = 1.4% VII.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conclusions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this lab, we heated the known substance naphthalene in a test tube to approximately 100oC and observed its temperature while it cooled to approximately 70oC. Over a time period of 12 minutes and 30 seconds, we recorded the temperature at regular 15 second intervals, and, with this data, constructed a chart showing the general curve. Upon inspection of the graph and our data chart, we found the experimental freezing point of naphthalene to be around 79oC.

Before Breakfast

O’Neill, the master playwright, portrays strong, interesting characters with equally strong emotions in his plays. His play, ‘Before Breakfast’, deals with an exasperated woman confronting her husband’s joblessness and infidelity.This is a short play in the form of a monologue by the woman, Mrs. Rowland. Mrs. Rowland jabbers all through the play expressing desperation, anger, agony, and sheer disgust at her husband, Alfred’s penniless nature. Her full-throttled criticisation of Alfred’s ways leads to the denouement of the play—Alfred’s suicide. Character analysis of Mrs.Rowland The description of Mrs. Rowland’s small house in the beginning of the play portrays poverty. Mrs. Rowland wakes up tired and bitter. Her irritation is so intense that she goes to the extent of damning her apron whose strings refuse to oblige her in knotting up. In fact, the very first word that Mrs. Rowland speaks in the novel is â€Å"Damn†. It is from here that her character builds up. It was a fine day, â€Å"It is about eight-thirty in the morning of a fine, sunshiny day in the early fall,† but ironically did not seem to have any effect on Mrs. Rowland’s temper.Her demeanor is not at all pleasing, her hair is stuck up in a â€Å"drab colored mass†, her â€Å"shapeless stoutness accentuated by her formless blue dress† which is also â€Å"shabby and worn† speak volumes about her. This is hardly expected of a young woman in her early twenties. Even as her ranting of Alfred begins, we understand that she is definitely not the timid type of woman. She rebukes him in the most unrestrained manner. She had been working not just for one, but for both the people in the family. She had been contributing to the family in whatever small means she can.While he had been whiling away his time in poetry and in ‘playing the gentleman and loafing around barrooms with that good-for-nothing lot o f artists from the Square’, she had been working very hard. Even as Mrs. Rowland does regular household work like sweeping and cleaning, she doesn’t fail to rebuke him for dropping cigarette butts and ashes all over the floor. Her attitude borders on feminism advocating her opinion on the ground of equality of sexes. Why she only borders on feminism is because she does the job and doesn’t necessarily hand him over the broom to sweep the floor.This point is further accentuated when she tells him that she was making coffee for both. Yet to show her protest in some manner, she tells him that she wasn’t going to wait for him. Mrs. Rowland’s frustration towards his lackadaisical manner is so severe that she complains loudly of everything he does. Is she taking advantage of Alfred’s silence? She only seems capable of complaining, without having any effect on Alfred’s attitude or manner. Mrs. Rowland had developed a profound hatred towards h er husband. She suspects him of infidelity and hence stealthily searches his pockets for some kind of evidence.She pockets the letter from one ‘Helen’ addressed to her husband to later on pick a quarrel with him on that. She vociferously defends this act of hers by telling Alfred that she was his wife and hence had every right to read his letters. While she constantly voices her rights as an equal, the lines, â€Å"How about Helen? (She starts back from the doorway, half frightened)† show that she isn’t such a bold woman as she projects herself to be. Mrs. Rowland shows utmost contempt for her husband. She calls him a fool to have pawned the watch, calls him lazy to stay in bed all the time, and calls him incapable of getting a job for himself.She tells him that all he does is write â€Å"silly† poetries and short stories all day which â€Å"no one will buy†. She is quite proud of her capabilities when she says that, â€Å"I notice I can alw ays get a position, such as it is; and it's only that which keeps us from starving to death. † Well, well, is this what is ‘woman power’? It makes us wonder if Alfred were to respond to any of her remarks or if he were to shout back at her for being so loud, will she have continued in this manner? She would have, since she refers to the fight that they have had the previous night where Alfred made a â€Å"beast† of himself.She simply cannot forgive him for pawning things for survival. The last precious thing that they had was the watch, which too seems to have been pawned for a drink. Mrs. Rowland’s bitterness and disappointment is sometimes justified since Mr. Rowland was actually â€Å"the millionaire Rowland's only son, the Harvard graduate, the poet, the catch of the town†. Her position as his wife should actually had been an enviable one. By being an alcoholic and by possessing an unwilling attitude to work, he became a penniless wastrel. He had impregnated and married her before their child was stillborn.Added on to her feeling of betrayal is his infidelity. Mrs. Rowland is unperturbed by her husband’s stern and severe looks. She carries on and tells him that he cannot bully her with his â€Å"superior airs†. She reminds him that but for her he would be going without breakfast in the morning. She tries to win his pity when she speaks of her headache and the deplorable condition in which has to sew to earn their bread. She tries all possible means to provoke his pity and to make him seek a job. The rent for the house was due and there was nothing left for lunch.She doesn’t mince words in asking him to look out for a job: â€Å"Are you going to look for a job today or aren't you? † Despite all her bickering, when she sees blood in Mr. Rowland’s face the first time, she asks him to wipe the blood off his face and tells him to go to a barber’s shop for a shave since she found h is hands shaking heavily. This shows her concern for Alfred. She even warns him that one of these days he was going to cut himself seriously. But she is too preoccupied with her own taunts that she doesn’t catch the seriousness of the situation that ends in such a great tragedy.All through the play Alfred never makes an appearance. It is only through the eyes of Mrs. Rowland that we get to know the person. The plot, the action, the conflict all revolve around her. The plot brings out the strong conflict which Mrs. Rowland is confronted with. Though she complains a lot and beseeches Mr. Rowland to be more responsible, she takes things in her stride and carries on with her daily chores. The play strongly evokes emotions of pity and horror. All her calls of Alfred contributing to the family in some manner or the other seem to fall in deaf ears.In referring to Mr. Rowland’s affair with Helen, Mrs. Rowland threatens him telling that she would never divorce him. She gets vin dictive for all the injuries that he inflicted on her. She understands her rights as a woman very well. She knows that unless she agrees to the divorce, it can never happen. And, unless they divorce, he can never dream of marrying another woman. Conclusion Alfred is a sensitive man who commits suicide on being discovered by his wife about his extramarital affair. Comparatively Mrs. Rowland bears it all with much forbearing.Life had been much more difficult on her. She was the daughter of a mere grocer, she had become pregnant even before she could be married, despite marrying a man with some wealth to name she had to put up with poverty. In a way, it can be said that her strength of forbearance comes from her simple background. On the other hand, Mr. Rowland had been the only son of a millionaire father. Yet, when his father died, he should have been mortified to find that all that he was left with was a large amount of debt to be repaid. His faith should have been shaken with this. He had been personally proud of his position in society. As Mrs. Rowland once comments, â€Å"You were ashamed of me with your fine friends because my father's only a grocer, that's what you were. † Yet he had to marry her because of the slight he committed on her before their marriage. Mrs. Rowland never hesitates to fight for her rights. Within the portals of family life and considering her limitations, she voices her opinions and demands. This gives her the identity of a feminist. Her feminism raised its head mainly due to Mr. Rowland’s inability to provide her with the ba

Benefits of a C Corporation Essay

Firstly, a C Corporation can be defined as a legal unit of business that has its own separate identity from its owners or the persons that form it. To use the general legal term, it is a â€Å"body corporate†, a â€Å"legal entity†, which simply means a corporation can be treated just like an individual in law, it can sue and can be sued. This singular characteristic does not only make it quite unique but also gives it an edge over other business entities such as sole proprietor, partnership, limited liability Company to mention but few. However, the two major types of corporation, which are the C Corporation and S Corporation. The C Corporation has quite numerous benefits; the most technical of these is its ability to guard its owners’ personal assets from judgment against the business. Owners can also split profit and loss with the business for a lower overall tax rate. Yet another benefit is that it has no limits in number of shareholders and owner. Again, Owners do not need to be U. S. citizens or residents; both foreign and local are equally allowed to share in its ownership. A C corporation also has the flexibility of being owned by yet another business entity, rather than an individual or several individuals. Finally, the C Corporation has a package of much greater tax advantages over any other business entity, for it was primarily designated for tax purposes, while the â€Å"S† corporation passes it tax to the shareholders, the C Corporation on the other hand acts as it own tax entity. Reference Bakan J. , 2004, The Corporation: The Pathological Pursuit of Profit and Power. USA

Tourism theories and practices

â€Å" What Do Tourists Make And Why? † Critically DiscussTourism industry has emerged as one of the fastest turning industry and largest employers in the modern universe. This sheer enormousness of the industry is understood from the fact that the Numberss of tourers worldwide are anticipated to be doubled to one billion plus by the terminal of 2010. This essay will discourse in brief the different theories of touristry which define tourer behaviour, their functions, activities and motives which in bend influence the industry. Thesis statement: Tourists and their idea procedure, their behaviour and motives are centrifugal to the construct of touristry. Many bookmans have tried to specify the typology of the tourers, their categorizations in order to understand the construct of touristry. The essay will sketch some of the old theories and the modern twenty-four hours attack and why there is a demand for more research based surveies to work the potency of this industry.Meaning Of Tourism-What Is TourismMichel Eyquem De Montaigne said, â€Å"A adult male should of all time be ready booted to take his journey.† Man because of his gregarious nature is bound to go from one topographic point to another to carry through his assorted demands be it societal, emotional or physical. Traveling is therefore characteristic to human society on the whole. Travel and touristry was traditionally considered as a luxury point. But with the bend of the century, definition of travel and touristry has evolved. Tourism no longer stands for simple travelling or impermanent journeys and corsets chiefly for pleasance, leisure and or recreational intents or a luxury component. Twentieth century ushered in the paradigm displacement in the construct of touristry. In fact it will non be undue to state that there has been passage from the 19th and early twentieth century construct of touristry as an exercising in leisure and pleasance sphere to the construct of touristry as an exercising in concern, economic sciences. It is more of a consumer merchandise ; touristry industry is a vivacious market where touristry merchandises can be sold now as any other consumer merchandise, consumer here is the tourer. ( Kamra, p 157 ) Harmonizing to statistics brought out by the statistics of the World Tourism Organisation ( WTO ) in 1994, touristry contributed 12 per cent of the universe ‘s Gross National Product. ( Kamra, 12 ) Tourism industry is one of the fastest turning industry using 100s of 1000000s of people worldwide, which explains the ground why the survey of the touristry and touristry research has become so of import in non merely the academic field but besides for the economic system on the whole. Modern twenty-four hours touristry is much more than simple travelling ; it is pure economic sciences, which is determined by theories of demand, and supply, which brings in the inquiry of sustainability. Tourism is no more synonymous to going. Today touristry is merely like a normal consumer merchandise which is driven by market kineticss, demand supply, sold through retail mercantile establishments. It no longer remains a luxury of the upper category but has become a aggregate merchandise for the turning consumer market, in this instance the turning tourer community. In fact there has been a combination of factors which have resulted in the proliferation of touristry industry. The premier being increased leisure, higher incomes of burgeoning in-between category. One of the chief drivers to growing in the coming epoch would be the turning in-between category. The survey of touristry theories and patterns hence would chiefly go around around the demands, motives, function, experiences of the tourers. What do tourers make and why? The most general categorization of tourers is on the footing of the demands of the tourer. This would chiefly sort the full tourer community into two groups-the traveller and the tourer. While the former is chiefly conceived as one who would fundamentally go to understand the topographic point and therefore would instead prefer longer trips and would be after it separately. The latter classified, as a tourer in layperson ‘s version would be characterized as one with superficial involvement. One who would indulge in shorter trips and group Tourss or charters and would chiefly depend on tour agents. But this categorization is really obscure.MotivationsMost of the tourers travel for alteration of environment because of which new constructs of touristry like eco-tourism, rural touristry have come into being. Cultural attractive forces, instruction, deriving cognition about new civilizations might be other of import motives. For illustration attractive force towards Buddhist civilization has made Myanmar and some parts of North East India a major hub for Buddhist tourers from all around the universe. Peoples from all around the universe travel to these topographic p oints to acquire see the Buddhist spirit. There can be other motives besides like quest for new experience, personal visits etc. Some of the most prevailing theories of finish development and categorization of tourers Some bookmans have tried to sort the tourer on the footing of their demands, which explains the ground for their travel. For illustration a tourer can be classified as adventurer, elite, upbeat, unusual, mass or charter on the footing of his/her demand. While an explorer tourer group will desire find, escapade, geographic expedition, a elect tourer might hold a particular personally customized tailored trip to any alien topographic points. Or for illustration an upbeat tourer might go to acquire off from the crowds. The categorization harmonizing to demand describes the chief intent of travel. There can be a pure mass group besides under the demand-based categorization where the tourer might prefer normal circuit bundles and vacation trips to conventional topographic points. Therefore categorization on the footing of demand to a big extent determines the demands and the activities of the tourers. There can besides be categorization on the footing of the significance and demand, where tourers might go for the interest of simple diversion, recreation, experiential, experimental grounds. There can be besides motivational based categorization. Understanding the motivation behind going might assist to foretell consumer mind. An American research worker named Plog ( Mason 26 ) put forth his theory based on the psychological science of tourers and these were published in 1973. Plog ‘s theory was based on a instance survey conducted on New York occupants and their attitudes to go. Plog ‘s discussed the tourer behaviour and motives based on the psychological science of the tourers. Therefore there are two types of tourers, the allo-centric and psycho-centric types of tourer. He argued that there are peculiar psychological types who do non like unfamiliar environments or civilizations, so when they select a vacation they will seek the familiar parts than unfamiliar distant parts ( these he termed psycho-centric ) . Plog farther added that there are still some groups in society who will be prepared to put on the line a far more unsure holiday finish. These tourers will seek for strange or unfamiliar and these he termed allo-centric. While the psycho-centric would non go far from the local environment the allo-centric would go long distances to unfamiliar locations. He concluded that the bulk of the tourers were neither to the full psycho- centric nor to the full allo-centric. Rather most of the tourers were located in the centre point between the two extremes of psycho-centric and allo-centric.And that bulk of the tourers would seek the familiar and prefer non to go great distances to acquire at that place. An of import point that emerged from the finish development of Plog ‘s theory is that different tourers finishs are attractive to different types of tourers based on the sort of traveller they are, psycho or allo-centric and that bulk of the tourers will prefer to go for short distances than longer 1s to travel for vacations. Therefore it suggests that the tourer finishs in most of the developed states which are in close propinquity to major population countries, busy countries, markets, residential countries are likely to be developed and turn more rapidly than those in the distant remote countries. However, in existent pattern, sometimes this theory may besides turn out incorrect. On the contrary many of the distant countries are now acquiring faster developed than those near the major population countries. While Plog ‘s theory was based more on the psychological portion of tourers, Erik Cohen ‘s theory relate to the behaviour of the tourers. Erik Cohen who developed a categorization of tourers where there was a four head categorization. First was the organized mass tourers who travel in groups, who prefer packaged vacation ( travel, adjustment, nutrient etc. ) normally arranged by a travel agent. The 2nd type was the single mass tourers who use the same installations as the organized mass tourers, but the difference lies merely in determination devising. This group makes more single based determinations about their activity and trip. There are besides the adventurers and the vagrants. While adventurers would most frequently arrange their ain trips, meet and interact with the locals vagrants avoid all contact with other tourers and leave with the locals. This categorization of tourers lives longer than the other groups. If both the above mentioned tourer theories which fundamentally delve into the features of human behavioural facets are combined so we would see that bulk of Cohen ‘s mass tourer and independent mass tourers would meet with Plog ‘s psycho-centric tourers. Subsequently in the mid 1970s, Doxey proposed the Irritation Index or the Irridex. The Irridex was based on the relationship between the tourers and the locals. The cardinal thought as it is apparent from the name of the index itself is that over a clip period as the figure of tourist addition in a peculiar country, a greater annoyance and hatred would construct up amongst the locals towards the tourers. So, over the clip as the locals gets more irritant with the visitants and go hostile, the figure of visitants might really worsen or might non go on to turn at the same rate as antecedently. But the job with most of these theories was that most of them were non based on proper field research but on treatments. Butler ‘s Tourist Area Life Cycle ( TALC ) ( Mason, 33 ) theoretical account on touristry which is still the most widely accepted and of import theory trades with a peculiar finish, his theory explains how a finish emerge as a tourer finish after several phases. Butler suggested a theoretical account where a touristry finish develops over clip as a consequence of several factors. Destination is a really of import component in touristry. A finish is defined most widely as a merchandise is marketed to its consumers. And like all other merchandises, tourer finishs besides have a life rhythm. Butler proposed a theoretical account for touristry country life rhythm in which he showed how a finish begins as a comparatively unknown topographic point and visitants foremost come in little fractions because of deficiency of entree, installations and local cognition ( Miller and Galluci, 2004 ) The cardinal point in Butler ‘s theoretical account was that planning and proper remedial action by the tourers can assist collar the diminution in resorts and touristry substructure. One of the major challenges that the World Tourism Organization made in its Global Forecasts for the twelvemonth 2000 and beyond is the issue of sustainability, which relates to the absorbent capacity of an economic system with regard to touristry. This does non mention to the physical capacity entirely but besides to the capacity of a peculiar country to supply touristry substructure, pool in investings, work force, and natural resources. While manpower would non be a restraint, other natural resources might be. The theory of sustainable touristry therefore away late has emerged of greater relevancy, which is necessary to advance environmental consciousness and hike touristry industry on the whole. Sustainable touristry in a nutshell can be explained as a agency by which tourer growing is achieved every bit good as environment and Earth ‘s scarce resources are preserved. Apart from the environment issue another firing issue, which might emerge as an hindrance is deficiency of trained skilled work force to present value add-ons. In decision it can be said that although several touristry theories have been put away by several bookmans to find the functions and activities, the features of tourers to hike the industry. There is a general deficiency of consciousness about these theories amidst the policy shapers. Tourism industry is still one of those industries, which is regulated by authorities disposal. There are broad assortments of conceptual and theoretical attacks to touristry, which have to be tested in world. This apart there is a farther demand for more field surveies and employment of professionals in carry oning the research, which will assist accomplish greater theoretical orientation and practical application. The touristry industry has been turning at a phenomenal rate for the last 50 twelvemonth particularly, after the Second World War. The recession has had an consequence on the industry, but the Numberss of tourers worldwide are anticipated to be doubled to one billion plus by the terminal of 2010. Keeping in melody with the altering times consumer demands will besides alter, more categorizations based on turning demands of tourers might emerge. What can be the cultural and societal impact of touristry development Research workers have identified a whole gamut of positive impacts of touristry development on societies. For illustration the direct results of touristry development would be the alteration of the internal construction of the community, increasing employment chances of the local occupants, societal alteration, economic richness, betterment of the quality of life through substructure development. Similarly the interaction between the host and tourer additions tolerance and communicating accomplishments etc. On the cultural side the humanistic disciplines, trades and civilization of the local country might be revived. Research workers have besides identified several cons like deployment of natural resources, increased force per unit area on bing substructure, commodification of civilization and its negative effects etc ( Beeton 2005a, p122 ) Therefore it can be seen in the essay how tourist behavioural demands, motives, actions straight and indirectly affect touristry development in a topographic point. Merely right sort of patterns would be able to give the necessary encouragement to this industry, which entirely will lend the largest ball in planetary trade. Understanding the demands and motives of the tourers will assist hike touristry industry manifolds. What is required is the right attack. Tourists ‘ behaviour research in touristry has to be based on motives, typologies, finish picks and the determination procedure. While this is good some bookmans criticize it as stereotyped and generalized which might non be the same in world. The spread between the theories and the world can be bridged through research and changeless survey of tourer behaviour.MentionsK Kamra 1997, â€Å" Tourism: Theory, Planning and Practice † , Second Edition-2008 Peter Mason, â€Å" Tourism Impacts, Planning and Management † ( Online book version ) , Second edition- 2008, Mason, P. & A ; Cheyne, J. ( 2000 ) . † Residents ‘ Attitudes to Proposed Tourism Development, Annals of Tourism Research. † Peter Mason, â€Å" Tourism Impacts, Planning and Management † Second Edition Abraham Pizam, Yoel Mansfeld, â€Å" Consumer behavior in travel and touristry † Softcover edition published 2000

Support Learning Activities

Describe how a learning support practitioner may contribute to the planning, delivery and review of learning. What learning support strategies have you used or could you use to meet the needs of your learners?Learning support practitioners can be an invaluable resource in the successful planning, delivery and review of learning. They can offer immeasurable support to the teacher and, most importantly, to the pupils. However, that support is only truly effective if it is organized, structured and consistent – both in terms of the learning objectives set by the teacher and the pupil’s own learning needs. There are many ways in which a learning support practitioner can contribute to the Classroom Process Cycle1 (planning > preparing > doing > reviewing etc. ) but let’s look at just some of them.Planning is essential to working efficiently and effectively as a learning support practitioner (or teaching assistant). Without planning how you intend to support the pupilà ¢â‚¬â„¢s learning you run the likely risk of not just wasting their time whilst you organise yourself, but also providing inconsistent and often conflicting or confusing messages to the children. If you are not ‘on the same page’ as the teacher then there is a possibility of inadvertently contradicting them which in turn confuses the pupil, clouding their understanding and ultimately creating obstacles to them achieving their learning objectives.This is counteractive to learning, which could not be further from the purpose of the teaching assistant role. The ways in which a learning support practitioner can contribute to the planning are numerous, from the obvious preparation of equipment and a safe environment conducive to learning to providing insightful input regarding pupil’s individual learning needs and abilities based on their own experience.Offering your own observations of effective support strategies based on your acquired knowledge of a pupil’s abilities can be a priceless resource for the teacher, who may never themselves have the chance to gain such insights into an individual child’s learning style. The opportunities for one to one time between teachers and pupils are very few and far between so the observations of a teaching assistant, who works more often with smaller groups and individuals, can be vital in providing a more in depth and detailed view into what strategies he or she thinks will work –  especially when dealing with specific or specialist learning needs.The truth is, of course, that there is never one learning strategy that works for any one child. Learning support strategies need to be fluid and the support practitioner needs to be able to adapt from one to another as and when the situation requires. You may need to remind the pupil of the teaching points, make sure they are concentrating, question them and encourage them to ask questions themselves.My own experience of working with a sma ll group preparing a presentation on the six wives of Henry VIII was that there was a constant need to continually remind the five pupils of the aim of the exercise – namely that they needed to have a finished, structured and lucid presentation at the end of it! The temptation amongst them was to concentrate on the more ‘fun’ aspects of their research (in this case tales of extra-marital affairs, incest and beheadings!) and on preparing skits and drawings but they were clearly losing sight of the fact that all this had to hang together as a coherent presentation with equal participation from each pupil.Making sure the pupils concentrated and didn’t get sidetracked, reminding them of the teaching points and giving them constant encouraging yet guiding feedback were key strategies I used in making sure the task was completed successfully. The delivery of learning support is not complete, however, until you have fed back to both the pupil and the teacher and reviewed your own success as a learning support practitioner.In feeding back to the pupil it is vital that your feedback is constructive. This does not necessarily mean it has to be positive but it is vital that it is not destructive. It should serve to encourage and help the pupil. Feeding back to the teacher is equally as important as this will provide the teacher with information as to individual pupils’ progress, any difficulties they might be having (or indeed that you might be having) and this in turn will feed into planning for the next lesson as per Wilkinson’s Classroom Process Cycle.The importance of the role of teaching assistant should not be underestimated as they provide essential support to both teachers and pupils alike. As the demands put upon teachers are increased seemingly year by year, the learning support practitioner is there to contribute to all aspects of the planning, delivery and review of learning giving a broader support structure for the t eachers and a more complete learning experience for the pupils.