Friday, September 20, 2019
Uncertainty in Illness Theory Analysis
Uncertainty in Illness Theory Analysis UNCERTAINTY IN ILLNESS THEORY MIDDLE RANGE THEORY ASSIGNMENT BY STEPHANIE MORRIS Background and credentials Merle Mishel strives to enhance patient outcome and care during uncertainty by identifying uncertainties and addressing them. Mishel has a Bachelor of Science degree in nursing from Boston University and Master of Science in nursing from the University of California. She also has a Master of Arts degree in psychology and a postgraduate degree in psychology (Bailey Stewart, 2014). Mishel had an experience with uncertainty via her father. Mishel’s father had colon cancer and his experience influenced her to develop the theory of uncertainty in illness. Mishel’s father was not able to understand what was happening to him and was unable to cope with the disease. Mishel’s father tried to control some aspects of his life while dealing with uncertainty of his disease. Mishel started focusing on uncertainty after she began her doctoral study in psychology. Her dissertation focused on the development of uncertainty measures and testing of the measures (Polit Beck, 2008) . She developed the theory of uncertainty in illness to understand how patients can deal with uncertainty caused by their illness. Mishel described the patients experience as ambiguity over uncertainty. She developed a scale to test perceived ambiguity in illness and later renamed the scale to Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Scale (MUIS) (Bailey Stewart, 2014). Middle range nursing theories provide clear guidance for nursing practice and they are less conceptual and abstract as compared to other theories (Alligood, 2014). The uncertainty in illness theory is considered a middle range theory as it fits into the definition above. Mishel used scientific and empirical evidence to develop the theory and the MUIS tool (Bailey Stewart, 2014). Theoretical source and empirical evidence Mishel used empirical and scientific evidence to develop the theory. Study findings on uncertainty were used to develop the antecedents of the uncertainty in illness theory. Research in cognitive psychology and uncertainty in diseases was useful in developing the antecedent concept. The appraisal concept was developed utilizing clinical data and discussion with friends. Clinical data showed uncertainty was a preferred state in some situations. She also used empirical evidence on stress and coping to develop the theory (Liehr Smith, 2014). Primary sources Mishel used different sources to develop the theory of uncertainty in illness. She combined research in different areas including managing dangerous events, cognitive processing and uncertainty. She used studies published before on stress and coping that examined uncertainty as a stressful event. She reevaluated her previous concept and used existing models from Warburton (1979). She used various different other studies and research such as Budner’s (1962) study which analyzed a certain event as the cause of uncertainty. Mishel significantly considered the stress-coping-adaptation method of Lazarus and Folkman (1984) in her theory. (Bailey Stewart, 2014). These theorist’s views influenced how she viewed uncertainty as a cognitive state instead of an emotional response, and helped her to examine uncertainty as a complex cognitive stressor. Basic considerations The main concept in the theory of uncertainty of illness is uncertainty. Uncertainity is the lack of ability to determine the meaning of events related to a disease. For instance, patients are unable to determine the outcomes correctly and assign value. Another concept is cognitive schema. Cognitive schema is an individual’s subjective interpretation of events related to the disease. There are three major themes related to the concepts identified above (Polit Beck, 2008). They include antecedents of uncertainty, appraisal of uncertainty and coping with uncertainty. Antecedents of uncertainty refers to things that happen before the disease experience that impact the patient’s thinking. They include pain, perception and earlier experiences. Appraisal of uncertainty entails placing value on the uncertain circumstance. Coping with uncertainty refers to activities the patient uses to deal with the uncertainty (Liehr Smith, 2014). Mishel has discussed the metaparadigm concepts in her theory including the environment, health, nursing and person. A person is an individual who experiences uncertainty in diseases. The uncertainty affects interpersonal relationships as the body changes. The environment refers to the healthcare environment where the theory is applicable. Uncertainity caused by diseases affects a patient’s health and patients should develop coping mechanisms to cope with the uncertainty. Healthcare professionals use MUIS tool to identify areas of the disease that are causing uncertainty. Then they address the areas to help the patient develop coping mechanisms that will enhance his health. Nursing is aimed at helping patients and families comprehend uncertainty in diseases and learn new ways of life. Nurses play a critical role in helping patients understand uncertainty in diseases and cope (Liehr Smith, 2014). Mishel made various assumptions when developing the theory. She assumed uncertainty is a cognitive state that represents insufficiency of a current cognitive schema to support the interpretation of events related to a disease (Polit Beck, 2008). Besides, she assumed that uncertainty was a neutral experience not harmful until it is appraised as harmful. She also assumed that individuals can cope with uncertainty in diseases and hence improve their outcome and quality of life. She also claimed that people do not function in an equilibrium state and they need time to concentrate on self. Thus, they are unable to incorporate the uncertainty into their view of life if there is not enough time (Liehr Smith, 2014). The uncertainty in illness schema consists of different themes related to the main concepts. The themes are antecedents of uncertainty, appraisal of uncertainty and coping with uncertainty. The antecedent theme comprises of stimuli frame, structure providers and cognitive capacity. Stimuli frame refers to the form and structure of the stimuli an individual perceives. The stimuli frame consists of symptom pattern, event knowledge and event congruence (Polit Beck, 2008). Symptom patterns imply the extent to which symptoms have a pattern. Event familiarity is the extent to which a situation has recognized cues. Event congruence implies the consistency between the expected disease related events and the events experienced. Cognitive capacity and structure providers impact the stimuli frame. Cognitive capacity refers to a person’s ability to process information (Liehr Smith, 2014). Logical Form The development of nursing theories should follow a logical process and must be in line with the underlying objectives (Polit Beck, 2008). Concepts and sub concepts should be clearly stated and described consistently without ambiguity. The uncertainty in illness theory is well developed as the concepts are clearly presented and easily understood. After Michel reexamined her concept in 1990 the uncertainty of illness theory became deductive due to her using qualitative studies and chaos theory. These research studies lead her to change the direction of the theory. The theory now states that people’s uncertainty is always changing due to major life events and illnesses (Bailey Stewart, 2014). Relationship to Research, Education and Advanced Practice in Nursing The theory of uncertainty in illness can be applied in different areas including education, nursing research and advanced nursing practice. The theory is used in advanced nursing practice to address uncertainty in different diseases and hence patient concerns regarding their diseases. This improves their outcome and quality of life. Patients learn how to cope with uncertain events by understanding the disease process. The theory can be applied in nursing research as it helps researchers understand experience of patients with chronic and terminal diseases (Polit Beck, 2008). The uncertainty in illness theory has been used in studies that focus on uncertainty related to cancer to understand sources of uncertainty in the population how to resolve them. It also used in education to equip nursing students with knowledge and skills required to understand disease uncertainty and coping mechanisms. Implications The uncertainty in illness theory has implications on advanced nursing practice. The theory influences caring of patients as it permits nurses to offer information to patients and families with uncertainty about the disease. Nurses are supposed to provide support to patients and families with uncertainty about their diseases. As a result, patients become emotionally and physically healthier and have strength to cope with the disease. The empowerment offered to patients and families enables them view life differently and increases quality of life (Liehr Smith, 2014). The uncertainty in illness theory can be used to care for a cancer patient the theory is useful in helping a cancer patient cope with the disease and eliminating uncertainty. Cancer can lead to stress because of the uncertainty around the disease, treatment and side effects. Cancer patients are unable to understand events related to the disease and these results to uncertainty and negatively impact their health. The theory can be used to help the patient understand the disease situation and make meaning and thus participate in the plan of care. Therefore, the theory is useful in educating the patient about cancer and addressing their concerns (Liehr Smith, 2014). Summary Merle H. Mishel’s theory of Uncertainty in Illness was initially focused on the person’s ability to resolve uncertainty. Although, she reevaluated and added the notion that uncertainty may never resolve, but will become part of the person’s identity and affect their perceptions and quality of life. The uncertainty in illness theory is essential in transforming patient care and experience. The theory helps patients understand uncertainty related with their illness and address the causes of uncertainty. They developing coping skills and hence are able to cope with the disease. The concepts are clear and well described. The theory can be used in nursing practice, nursing research and education as it is easy to understand and apply. References Alligood, M.R. (2014). Nursing theorists and their work. (8th ed.) St. Louis, MO: Mosby Inc. Bailey, Jr., D. E., Stewart, J. L. (2014). Uncertainty in Illness Theory. In M. R. Alligood, Nursing Theorists and Their Work (8th ed., pp. 555-573). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby. Liehr, P.R.., Smith, M. J. (2014).Middle range theory for nursing. New York, NY: Springer Polit, D.F. Beck, C. T. (2008).Nursing research. Philadephia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Appendix A: Schematic
Thursday, September 19, 2019
Que Vive Espana! :: Personal Narrative Essay Example
Que Vive Espana! People always ask me: Who are the people that have changed your life? They ask: What is the most influential experience you have had? Those are hard questions to answer, because the things that have been most influential, the people that have been key... those are the things and the people that I cannot imagine my life without. Spain is like that for me. This semester I am back at school, basically going through the actions of my previous years, but I am DIFFERENT. I have ideas I didn't have before. I have thoughts I didn't have before. Something must have happened. Growth. My abroad experience was all about growth. Of course, every day of my life is about personal growth, but it is easier to "expand" outside of my own realm of comfort. Here, at school, it is easy to fall into routine, which hinders observation, and retards the process of "observing life". But those are just some theories of mime, which need illustrations to support them. So, what did I observe? The most wonderful thing about Spain is the way of life. It is noticeable right away: there are people in the streets at all times of day (except siesta), conversing, strolling, running into their friends and forgetting about that appointment they had in order to talk to them for hours. There is no concept in Spain of coming home and relaxing on the couch. No. People come home from work, eat, and go out. They need to talk to the vendors, to their neighbors. To them, this is life. The women need to meet their girlfriends in a cafe by the beach to have a drink. The men go to bars and discuss economics with the bartenders. And at might, people of all ages fill the streets: grandparents with their first grandchild in stroller out at midnight! In, general people love people. They work to live, mot live to work. It is a very strange, non-American attitude. I very much acquired a taste for it, this leaving the house to stroll, purposelessly, and by the end of my stay, I felt right at home b ecause I had made my own acquaintances while walking around who I looked forward to seeing daily. It is a very warm feeling. And a very safe feeling. A feeling that perhaps there are no secrets since everyone is out there talking about issues. Que Vive Espana! :: Personal Narrative Essay Example Que Vive Espana! People always ask me: Who are the people that have changed your life? They ask: What is the most influential experience you have had? Those are hard questions to answer, because the things that have been most influential, the people that have been key... those are the things and the people that I cannot imagine my life without. Spain is like that for me. This semester I am back at school, basically going through the actions of my previous years, but I am DIFFERENT. I have ideas I didn't have before. I have thoughts I didn't have before. Something must have happened. Growth. My abroad experience was all about growth. Of course, every day of my life is about personal growth, but it is easier to "expand" outside of my own realm of comfort. Here, at school, it is easy to fall into routine, which hinders observation, and retards the process of "observing life". But those are just some theories of mime, which need illustrations to support them. So, what did I observe? The most wonderful thing about Spain is the way of life. It is noticeable right away: there are people in the streets at all times of day (except siesta), conversing, strolling, running into their friends and forgetting about that appointment they had in order to talk to them for hours. There is no concept in Spain of coming home and relaxing on the couch. No. People come home from work, eat, and go out. They need to talk to the vendors, to their neighbors. To them, this is life. The women need to meet their girlfriends in a cafe by the beach to have a drink. The men go to bars and discuss economics with the bartenders. And at might, people of all ages fill the streets: grandparents with their first grandchild in stroller out at midnight! In, general people love people. They work to live, mot live to work. It is a very strange, non-American attitude. I very much acquired a taste for it, this leaving the house to stroll, purposelessly, and by the end of my stay, I felt right at home b ecause I had made my own acquaintances while walking around who I looked forward to seeing daily. It is a very warm feeling. And a very safe feeling. A feeling that perhaps there are no secrets since everyone is out there talking about issues.
Wednesday, September 18, 2019
Freezing Point Of Naphthalene :: essays research papers
Freezing Point of Naphthalene I.     Purpose      To determine the freezing point of a known substance, naphthalene II.     Materials      ringstand                    gas source      test tube                    test tube clamps thermometer naphthalene Bunsen burner goggles      hose                         stopwatch III.     Procedure      1.     Assemble the Bunsen burner, attaching one end of the hose to the burner and the           other to a gas source.      2.     Assemble the ring stand so that a ring clamp is attached to the stand holding the           test tube that will be used in the experiment.      3.     Fill the test tube to approximately 1/8 capacity with naphthalene crystals.      4.      Place the thermometer in the crystals so that it is surrounded by the naphthalene           powder but not touching the sides or bottom of the test tube. Use a clamp to hold           the thermometer in place.      5.      Ignite the Bunsen burner and using direct heat melt the naphthalene powder until           it completely turns to a liquid. When the temperature reaches approximately 90o           Celsius, stop heating.      6.     Observe the change in temperature from 90o to 70o Celsius, recording the           temperature at regular intervals, preferably 15 seconds. This data will be used to           make a chart later.      7.     Once the temperature has fallen to 70o, melt the naphthalene which is now           frozen      to remove the thermometer. Properly dispose of the naphthalene liquid as           instructed by the teacher. IV.     Data      Time Elapsed          Temperature of Naphthalene          Time      Temperature      Initial (0:00)          100oC                         7:00      78.5oC      0:30               97.5oC                         7:15      78.3oC      1:00               93.0oC                         7:30      78.3oC      1:30               89.5oC                         7:45      79.0oC      2:00               86.1oC                         8:00      79.0oC      2:30               84.6oC                         8:15      79.0oC      2:45               82.3oC                         8:30      79.0oC      3:00               81.2oC                         8:45      79.0oC      3:15               81.0oC                         9:00      79.0oC      3:30               80.5oC                         9:15      78.5oC      3:45               80.2oC                         9:30      78.1oC      4:00               80.0oC                         9:45      78.0oC      4:15               79.9oC                         10:00      78.0oC      4:30               79.8oC                         10:15      77.5oC      4:45               79.4oC                         10:30      77.0oC      5:00               79.1oC                         10:45      76.5oC      5:15               79.1oC                         11:00      76.0oC      5:30               79.0oC                         11:15      75.2oC      5:45               78.9oC                         11:30      73.8oC      6:00               78.8oC                         11:45      73.0oC      6:25               78.8oC                         12:00      72.1oC      6:30               78.7oC                         12:15      71.1oC      6:45               78.6oC                         12:30      70.3oC V.     Graph      (See following pages) VI.     Calculations      Using 80.1 oC as the theoretical value for the freezing point of naphthalene, we can now      determine percent error.      Percent Error = ((Theoretical - Experimental) / Theoretical) x 100      Percent Error = ((80.1 oC - 79.0 oC) / 80.1oC) x 100      Percent Error = 1.4% VII.     Conclusions      In this lab, we heated the known substance naphthalene in a test tube to approximately 100oC and observed its temperature while it cooled to approximately 70oC. Over a time period of 12 minutes and 30 seconds, we recorded the temperature at regular 15 second intervals, and, with this data, constructed a chart showing the general curve. Upon inspection of the graph and our data chart, we found the experimental freezing point of naphthalene to be around 79oC.
Tuesday, September 17, 2019
Before Breakfast
O’Neill, the master playwright, portrays strong, interesting characters with equally strong emotions in his plays. His play, ‘Before Breakfast’, deals with an exasperated woman confronting her husband’s joblessness and infidelity.This is a short play in the form of a monologue by the woman, Mrs. Rowland. Mrs. Rowland jabbers all through the play expressing desperation, anger, agony, and sheer disgust at her husband, Alfred’s penniless nature. Her full-throttled criticisation of Alfred’s ways leads to the denouement of the playâ€â€Alfred’s suicide. Character analysis of Mrs.Rowland The description of Mrs. Rowland’s small house in the beginning of the play portrays poverty. Mrs. Rowland wakes up tired and bitter. Her irritation is so intense that she goes to the extent of damning her apron whose strings refuse to oblige her in knotting up. In fact, the very first word that Mrs. Rowland speaks in the novel is â€Å"Damn†. It is from here that her character builds up. It was a fine day, â€Å"It is about eight-thirty in the morning of a fine, sunshiny day in the early fall,†but ironically did not seem to have any effect on Mrs. Rowland’s temper.Her demeanor is not at all pleasing, her hair is stuck up in a â€Å"drab colored mass†, her â€Å"shapeless stoutness accentuated by her formless blue dress†which is also â€Å"shabby and worn†speak volumes about her. This is hardly expected of a young woman in her early twenties. Even as her ranting of Alfred begins, we understand that she is definitely not the timid type of woman. She rebukes him in the most unrestrained manner. She had been working not just for one, but for both the people in the family. She had been contributing to the family in whatever small means she can.While he had been whiling away his time in poetry and in ‘playing the gentleman and loafing around barrooms with that good-for-nothing lot o f artists from the Square’, she had been working very hard. Even as Mrs. Rowland does regular household work like sweeping and cleaning, she doesn’t fail to rebuke him for dropping cigarette butts and ashes all over the floor. Her attitude borders on feminism advocating her opinion on the ground of equality of sexes. Why she only borders on feminism is because she does the job and doesn’t necessarily hand him over the broom to sweep the floor.This point is further accentuated when she tells him that she was making coffee for both. Yet to show her protest in some manner, she tells him that she wasn’t going to wait for him. Mrs. Rowland’s frustration towards his lackadaisical manner is so severe that she complains loudly of everything he does. Is she taking advantage of Alfred’s silence? She only seems capable of complaining, without having any effect on Alfred’s attitude or manner. Mrs. Rowland had developed a profound hatred towards h er husband. She suspects him of infidelity and hence stealthily searches his pockets for some kind of evidence.She pockets the letter from one ‘Helen’ addressed to her husband to later on pick a quarrel with him on that. She vociferously defends this act of hers by telling Alfred that she was his wife and hence had every right to read his letters. While she constantly voices her rights as an equal, the lines, â€Å"How about Helen? (She starts back from the doorway, half frightened)†show that she isn’t such a bold woman as she projects herself to be. Mrs. Rowland shows utmost contempt for her husband. She calls him a fool to have pawned the watch, calls him lazy to stay in bed all the time, and calls him incapable of getting a job for himself.She tells him that all he does is write â€Å"silly†poetries and short stories all day which â€Å"no one will buy†. She is quite proud of her capabilities when she says that, â€Å"I notice I can alw ays get a position, such as it is; and it's only that which keeps us from starving to death. †Well, well, is this what is ‘woman power’? It makes us wonder if Alfred were to respond to any of her remarks or if he were to shout back at her for being so loud, will she have continued in this manner? She would have, since she refers to the fight that they have had the previous night where Alfred made a â€Å"beast†of himself.She simply cannot forgive him for pawning things for survival. The last precious thing that they had was the watch, which too seems to have been pawned for a drink. Mrs. Rowland’s bitterness and disappointment is sometimes justified since Mr. Rowland was actually â€Å"the millionaire Rowland's only son, the Harvard graduate, the poet, the catch of the town†. Her position as his wife should actually had been an enviable one. By being an alcoholic and by possessing an unwilling attitude to work, he became a penniless wastrel. He had impregnated and married her before their child was stillborn.Added on to her feeling of betrayal is his infidelity. Mrs. Rowland is unperturbed by her husband’s stern and severe looks. She carries on and tells him that he cannot bully her with his â€Å"superior airs†. She reminds him that but for her he would be going without breakfast in the morning. She tries to win his pity when she speaks of her headache and the deplorable condition in which has to sew to earn their bread. She tries all possible means to provoke his pity and to make him seek a job. The rent for the house was due and there was nothing left for lunch.She doesn’t mince words in asking him to look out for a job: â€Å"Are you going to look for a job today or aren't you? †Despite all her bickering, when she sees blood in Mr. Rowland’s face the first time, she asks him to wipe the blood off his face and tells him to go to a barber’s shop for a shave since she found h is hands shaking heavily. This shows her concern for Alfred. She even warns him that one of these days he was going to cut himself seriously. But she is too preoccupied with her own taunts that she doesn’t catch the seriousness of the situation that ends in such a great tragedy.All through the play Alfred never makes an appearance. It is only through the eyes of Mrs. Rowland that we get to know the person. The plot, the action, the conflict all revolve around her. The plot brings out the strong conflict which Mrs. Rowland is confronted with. Though she complains a lot and beseeches Mr. Rowland to be more responsible, she takes things in her stride and carries on with her daily chores. The play strongly evokes emotions of pity and horror. All her calls of Alfred contributing to the family in some manner or the other seem to fall in deaf ears.In referring to Mr. Rowland’s affair with Helen, Mrs. Rowland threatens him telling that she would never divorce him. She gets vin dictive for all the injuries that he inflicted on her. She understands her rights as a woman very well. She knows that unless she agrees to the divorce, it can never happen. And, unless they divorce, he can never dream of marrying another woman. Conclusion Alfred is a sensitive man who commits suicide on being discovered by his wife about his extramarital affair. Comparatively Mrs. Rowland bears it all with much forbearing.Life had been much more difficult on her. She was the daughter of a mere grocer, she had become pregnant even before she could be married, despite marrying a man with some wealth to name she had to put up with poverty. In a way, it can be said that her strength of forbearance comes from her simple background. On the other hand, Mr. Rowland had been the only son of a millionaire father. Yet, when his father died, he should have been mortified to find that all that he was left with was a large amount of debt to be repaid. His faith should have been shaken with this. He had been personally proud of his position in society. As Mrs. Rowland once comments, â€Å"You were ashamed of me with your fine friends because my father's only a grocer, that's what you were. †Yet he had to marry her because of the slight he committed on her before their marriage. Mrs. Rowland never hesitates to fight for her rights. Within the portals of family life and considering her limitations, she voices her opinions and demands. This gives her the identity of a feminist. Her feminism raised its head mainly due to Mr. Rowland’s inability to provide her with the ba
Monday, September 16, 2019
Benefits of a C Corporation Essay
Firstly, a C Corporation can be defined as a legal unit of business that has its own separate identity from its owners or the persons that form it. To use the general legal term, it is a â€Å"body corporate†, a â€Å"legal entity†, which simply means a corporation can be treated just like an individual in law, it can sue and can be sued. This singular characteristic does not only make it quite unique but also gives it an edge over other business entities such as sole proprietor, partnership, limited liability Company to mention but few. However, the two major types of corporation, which are the C Corporation and S Corporation. The C Corporation has quite numerous benefits; the most technical of these is its ability to guard its owners’ personal assets from judgment against the business. Owners can also split profit and loss with the business for a lower overall tax rate. Yet another benefit is that it has no limits in number of shareholders and owner. Again, Owners do not need to be U. S. citizens or residents; both foreign and local are equally allowed to share in its ownership. A C corporation also has the flexibility of being owned by yet another business entity, rather than an individual or several individuals. Finally, the C Corporation has a package of much greater tax advantages over any other business entity, for it was primarily designated for tax purposes, while the â€Å"S†corporation passes it tax to the shareholders, the C Corporation on the other hand acts as it own tax entity. Reference Bakan J. , 2004, The Corporation: The Pathological Pursuit of Profit and Power. USA
Sunday, September 15, 2019
Tourism theories and practices
â€Å" What Do Tourists Make And Why? †Critically DiscussTourism industry has emerged as one of the fastest turning industry and largest employers in the modern universe. This sheer enormousness of the industry is understood from the fact that the Numberss of tourers worldwide are anticipated to be doubled to one billion plus by the terminal of 2010. This essay will discourse in brief the different theories of touristry which define tourer behaviour, their functions, activities and motives which in bend influence the industry. Thesis statement: Tourists and their idea procedure, their behaviour and motives are centrifugal to the construct of touristry. Many bookmans have tried to specify the typology of the tourers, their categorizations in order to understand the construct of touristry. The essay will sketch some of the old theories and the modern twenty-four hours attack and why there is a demand for more research based surveies to work the potency of this industry.Meaning Of Tourism-What Is TourismMichel Eyquem De Montaigne said, â€Å"A adult male should of all time be ready booted to take his journey.†Man because of his gregarious nature is bound to go from one topographic point to another to carry through his assorted demands be it societal, emotional or physical. Traveling is therefore characteristic to human society on the whole. Travel and touristry was traditionally considered as a luxury point. But with the bend of the century, definition of travel and touristry has evolved. Tourism no longer stands for simple travelling or impermanent journeys and corsets chiefly for pleasance, leisure and or recreational intents or a luxury component. Twentieth century ushered in the paradigm displacement in the construct of touristry. In fact it will non be undue to state that there has been passage from the 19th and early twentieth century construct of touristry as an exercising in leisure and pleasance sphere to the construct of touristry as an exercising in concern, economic sciences. It is more of a consumer merchandise ; touristry industry is a vivacious market where touristry merchandises can be sold now as any other consumer merchandise, consumer here is the tourer. ( Kamra, p 157 ) Harmonizing to statistics brought out by the statistics of the World Tourism Organisation ( WTO ) in 1994, touristry contributed 12 per cent of the universe ‘s Gross National Product. ( Kamra, 12 ) Tourism industry is one of the fastest turning industry using 100s of 1000000s of people worldwide, which explains the ground why the survey of the touristry and touristry research has become so of import in non merely the academic field but besides for the economic system on the whole. Modern twenty-four hours touristry is much more than simple travelling ; it is pure economic sciences, which is determined by theories of demand, and supply, which brings in the inquiry of sustainability. Tourism is no more synonymous to going. Today touristry is merely like a normal consumer merchandise which is driven by market kineticss, demand supply, sold through retail mercantile establishments. It no longer remains a luxury of the upper category but has become a aggregate merchandise for the turning consumer market, in this instance the turning tourer community. In fact there has been a combination of factors which have resulted in the proliferation of touristry industry. The premier being increased leisure, higher incomes of burgeoning in-between category. One of the chief drivers to growing in the coming epoch would be the turning in-between category. The survey of touristry theories and patterns hence would chiefly go around around the demands, motives, function, experiences of the tourers. What do tourers make and why? The most general categorization of tourers is on the footing of the demands of the tourer. This would chiefly sort the full tourer community into two groups-the traveller and the tourer. While the former is chiefly conceived as one who would fundamentally go to understand the topographic point and therefore would instead prefer longer trips and would be after it separately. The latter classified, as a tourer in layperson ‘s version would be characterized as one with superficial involvement. One who would indulge in shorter trips and group Tourss or charters and would chiefly depend on tour agents. But this categorization is really obscure.MotivationsMost of the tourers travel for alteration of environment because of which new constructs of touristry like eco-tourism, rural touristry have come into being. Cultural attractive forces, instruction, deriving cognition about new civilizations might be other of import motives. For illustration attractive force towards Buddhist civilization has made Myanmar and some parts of North East India a major hub for Buddhist tourers from all around the universe. Peoples from all around the universe travel to these topographic p oints to acquire see the Buddhist spirit. There can be other motives besides like quest for new experience, personal visits etc. Some of the most prevailing theories of finish development and categorization of tourers Some bookmans have tried to sort the tourer on the footing of their demands, which explains the ground for their travel. For illustration a tourer can be classified as adventurer, elite, upbeat, unusual, mass or charter on the footing of his/her demand. While an explorer tourer group will desire find, escapade, geographic expedition, a elect tourer might hold a particular personally customized tailored trip to any alien topographic points. Or for illustration an upbeat tourer might go to acquire off from the crowds. The categorization harmonizing to demand describes the chief intent of travel. There can be a pure mass group besides under the demand-based categorization where the tourer might prefer normal circuit bundles and vacation trips to conventional topographic points. Therefore categorization on the footing of demand to a big extent determines the demands and the activities of the tourers. There can besides be categorization on the footing of the significance and demand, where tourers might go for the interest of simple diversion, recreation, experiential, experimental grounds. There can be besides motivational based categorization. Understanding the motivation behind going might assist to foretell consumer mind. An American research worker named Plog ( Mason 26 ) put forth his theory based on the psychological science of tourers and these were published in 1973. Plog ‘s theory was based on a instance survey conducted on New York occupants and their attitudes to go. Plog ‘s discussed the tourer behaviour and motives based on the psychological science of the tourers. Therefore there are two types of tourers, the allo-centric and psycho-centric types of tourer. He argued that there are peculiar psychological types who do non like unfamiliar environments or civilizations, so when they select a vacation they will seek the familiar parts than unfamiliar distant parts ( these he termed psycho-centric ) . Plog farther added that there are still some groups in society who will be prepared to put on the line a far more unsure holiday finish. These tourers will seek for strange or unfamiliar and these he termed allo-centric. While the psycho-centric would non go far from the local environment the allo-centric would go long distances to unfamiliar locations. He concluded that the bulk of the tourers were neither to the full psycho- centric nor to the full allo-centric. Rather most of the tourers were located in the centre point between the two extremes of psycho-centric and allo-centric.And that bulk of the tourers would seek the familiar and prefer non to go great distances to acquire at that place. An of import point that emerged from the finish development of Plog ‘s theory is that different tourers finishs are attractive to different types of tourers based on the sort of traveller they are, psycho or allo-centric and that bulk of the tourers will prefer to go for short distances than longer 1s to travel for vacations. Therefore it suggests that the tourer finishs in most of the developed states which are in close propinquity to major population countries, busy countries, markets, residential countries are likely to be developed and turn more rapidly than those in the distant remote countries. However, in existent pattern, sometimes this theory may besides turn out incorrect. On the contrary many of the distant countries are now acquiring faster developed than those near the major population countries. While Plog ‘s theory was based more on the psychological portion of tourers, Erik Cohen ‘s theory relate to the behaviour of the tourers. Erik Cohen who developed a categorization of tourers where there was a four head categorization. First was the organized mass tourers who travel in groups, who prefer packaged vacation ( travel, adjustment, nutrient etc. ) normally arranged by a travel agent. The 2nd type was the single mass tourers who use the same installations as the organized mass tourers, but the difference lies merely in determination devising. This group makes more single based determinations about their activity and trip. There are besides the adventurers and the vagrants. While adventurers would most frequently arrange their ain trips, meet and interact with the locals vagrants avoid all contact with other tourers and leave with the locals. This categorization of tourers lives longer than the other groups. If both the above mentioned tourer theories which fundamentally delve into the features of human behavioural facets are combined so we would see that bulk of Cohen ‘s mass tourer and independent mass tourers would meet with Plog ‘s psycho-centric tourers. Subsequently in the mid 1970s, Doxey proposed the Irritation Index or the Irridex. The Irridex was based on the relationship between the tourers and the locals. The cardinal thought as it is apparent from the name of the index itself is that over a clip period as the figure of tourist addition in a peculiar country, a greater annoyance and hatred would construct up amongst the locals towards the tourers. So, over the clip as the locals gets more irritant with the visitants and go hostile, the figure of visitants might really worsen or might non go on to turn at the same rate as antecedently. But the job with most of these theories was that most of them were non based on proper field research but on treatments. Butler ‘s Tourist Area Life Cycle ( TALC ) ( Mason, 33 ) theoretical account on touristry which is still the most widely accepted and of import theory trades with a peculiar finish, his theory explains how a finish emerge as a tourer finish after several phases. Butler suggested a theoretical account where a touristry finish develops over clip as a consequence of several factors. Destination is a really of import component in touristry. A finish is defined most widely as a merchandise is marketed to its consumers. And like all other merchandises, tourer finishs besides have a life rhythm. Butler proposed a theoretical account for touristry country life rhythm in which he showed how a finish begins as a comparatively unknown topographic point and visitants foremost come in little fractions because of deficiency of entree, installations and local cognition ( Miller and Galluci, 2004 ) The cardinal point in Butler ‘s theoretical account was that planning and proper remedial action by the tourers can assist collar the diminution in resorts and touristry substructure. One of the major challenges that the World Tourism Organization made in its Global Forecasts for the twelvemonth 2000 and beyond is the issue of sustainability, which relates to the absorbent capacity of an economic system with regard to touristry. This does non mention to the physical capacity entirely but besides to the capacity of a peculiar country to supply touristry substructure, pool in investings, work force, and natural resources. While manpower would non be a restraint, other natural resources might be. The theory of sustainable touristry therefore away late has emerged of greater relevancy, which is necessary to advance environmental consciousness and hike touristry industry on the whole. Sustainable touristry in a nutshell can be explained as a agency by which tourer growing is achieved every bit good as environment and Earth ‘s scarce resources are preserved. Apart from the environment issue another firing issue, which might emerge as an hindrance is deficiency of trained skilled work force to present value add-ons. In decision it can be said that although several touristry theories have been put away by several bookmans to find the functions and activities, the features of tourers to hike the industry. There is a general deficiency of consciousness about these theories amidst the policy shapers. Tourism industry is still one of those industries, which is regulated by authorities disposal. There are broad assortments of conceptual and theoretical attacks to touristry, which have to be tested in world. This apart there is a farther demand for more field surveies and employment of professionals in carry oning the research, which will assist accomplish greater theoretical orientation and practical application. The touristry industry has been turning at a phenomenal rate for the last 50 twelvemonth particularly, after the Second World War. The recession has had an consequence on the industry, but the Numberss of tourers worldwide are anticipated to be doubled to one billion plus by the terminal of 2010. Keeping in melody with the altering times consumer demands will besides alter, more categorizations based on turning demands of tourers might emerge. What can be the cultural and societal impact of touristry development Research workers have identified a whole gamut of positive impacts of touristry development on societies. For illustration the direct results of touristry development would be the alteration of the internal construction of the community, increasing employment chances of the local occupants, societal alteration, economic richness, betterment of the quality of life through substructure development. Similarly the interaction between the host and tourer additions tolerance and communicating accomplishments etc. On the cultural side the humanistic disciplines, trades and civilization of the local country might be revived. Research workers have besides identified several cons like deployment of natural resources, increased force per unit area on bing substructure, commodification of civilization and its negative effects etc ( Beeton 2005a, p122 ) Therefore it can be seen in the essay how tourist behavioural demands, motives, actions straight and indirectly affect touristry development in a topographic point. Merely right sort of patterns would be able to give the necessary encouragement to this industry, which entirely will lend the largest ball in planetary trade. Understanding the demands and motives of the tourers will assist hike touristry industry manifolds. What is required is the right attack. Tourists ‘ behaviour research in touristry has to be based on motives, typologies, finish picks and the determination procedure. While this is good some bookmans criticize it as stereotyped and generalized which might non be the same in world. The spread between the theories and the world can be bridged through research and changeless survey of tourer behaviour.MentionsK Kamra 1997, â€Å" Tourism: Theory, Planning and Practice †, Second Edition-2008 Peter Mason, â€Å" Tourism Impacts, Planning and Management †( Online book version ) , Second edition- 2008, Mason, P. & A ; Cheyne, J. ( 2000 ) . †Residents ‘ Attitudes to Proposed Tourism Development, Annals of Tourism Research. †Peter Mason, â€Å" Tourism Impacts, Planning and Management †Second Edition Abraham Pizam, Yoel Mansfeld, â€Å" Consumer behavior in travel and touristry †Softcover edition published 2000
Saturday, September 14, 2019
Support Learning Activities
Describe how a learning support practitioner may contribute to the planning, delivery and review of learning. What learning support strategies have you used or could you use to meet the needs of your learners?Learning support practitioners can be an invaluable resource in the successful planning, delivery and review of learning. They can offer immeasurable support to the teacher and, most importantly, to the pupils. However, that support is only truly effective if it is organized, structured and consistent – both in terms of the learning objectives set by the teacher and the pupil’s own learning needs. There are many ways in which a learning support practitioner can contribute to the Classroom Process Cycle1 (planning > preparing > doing > reviewing etc. ) but let’s look at just some of them.Planning is essential to working efficiently and effectively as a learning support practitioner (or teaching assistant). Without planning how you intend to support the pupilà ¢â‚¬â„¢s learning you run the likely risk of not just wasting their time whilst you organise yourself, but also providing inconsistent and often conflicting or confusing messages to the children. If you are not ‘on the same page’ as the teacher then there is a possibility of inadvertently contradicting them which in turn confuses the pupil, clouding their understanding and ultimately creating obstacles to them achieving their learning objectives.This is counteractive to learning, which could not be further from the purpose of the teaching assistant role. The ways in which a learning support practitioner can contribute to the planning are numerous, from the obvious preparation of equipment and a safe environment conducive to learning to providing insightful input regarding pupil’s individual learning needs and abilities based on their own experience.Offering your own observations of effective support strategies based on your acquired knowledge of a pupil’s abilities can be a priceless resource for the teacher, who may never themselves have the chance to gain such insights into an individual child’s learning style. The opportunities for one to one time between teachers and pupils are very few and far between so the observations of a teaching assistant, who works more often with smaller groups and individuals, can be vital in providing a more in depth and detailed view into what strategies he or she thinks will work – especially when dealing with specific or specialist learning needs.The truth is, of course, that there is never one learning strategy that works for any one child. Learning support strategies need to be fluid and the support practitioner needs to be able to adapt from one to another as and when the situation requires. You may need to remind the pupil of the teaching points, make sure they are concentrating, question them and encourage them to ask questions themselves.My own experience of working with a sma ll group preparing a presentation on the six wives of Henry VIII was that there was a constant need to continually remind the five pupils of the aim of the exercise – namely that they needed to have a finished, structured and lucid presentation at the end of it! The temptation amongst them was to concentrate on the more ‘fun’ aspects of their research (in this case tales of extra-marital affairs, incest and beheadings!) and on preparing skits and drawings but they were clearly losing sight of the fact that all this had to hang together as a coherent presentation with equal participation from each pupil.Making sure the pupils concentrated and didn’t get sidetracked, reminding them of the teaching points and giving them constant encouraging yet guiding feedback were key strategies I used in making sure the task was completed successfully. The delivery of learning support is not complete, however, until you have fed back to both the pupil and the teacher and reviewed your own success as a learning support practitioner.In feeding back to the pupil it is vital that your feedback is constructive. This does not necessarily mean it has to be positive but it is vital that it is not destructive. It should serve to encourage and help the pupil. Feeding back to the teacher is equally as important as this will provide the teacher with information as to individual pupils’ progress, any difficulties they might be having (or indeed that you might be having) and this in turn will feed into planning for the next lesson as per Wilkinson’s Classroom Process Cycle.The importance of the role of teaching assistant should not be underestimated as they provide essential support to both teachers and pupils alike. As the demands put upon teachers are increased seemingly year by year, the learning support practitioner is there to contribute to all aspects of the planning, delivery and review of learning giving a broader support structure for the t eachers and a more complete learning experience for the pupils.
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