Human Resource Management Essay Example for Free

Human Resource Management Essay After reviewing chapter 13 of Human Resource Management: Acquiring and Building Employees’ Skills and Capabilities; I have reached the conclusion that the best way to improve the management of human resource is to: †¢First place to start improvement would be to improve employee’s skills. Improving employee skills would be very beneficial to any company. Training is important as an employer I want to boost character, commitment, competence, and team player qualities in my employees. I think training sessions that teaches good reinforcement, involves skill role playing, on-the-job training, real-life simulations and experiential training, and welcomes feedback from the trainees are most effective. The training enhancement programs need to be designed based on analyzing data for each employee, and giving assessment before training. †¢Then I have noticed when I enter certain business there’s a picture of one or more of their top employees. The employee is recognized for that week or month for his or her high quality of work. Recognizing your best employees will give other employees the incentives to produce quality work. Acknowledgement shows that you are a team player. Being a team player builds character in an individual. †¢Next, providing incentives boost up moral. I would prefer to initiate the merit pay system for my employees. At my job every year we received a pay raise, not this year the union negotiated to put the raise toward a different cause. The union’s actions cause many employees’ morale to go down. There is nothing like receiving paid reasonable for working excessively. The two areas that I selected are Labor Relations, and Pay and Benefits. Labor relations play a key role within a company. I have experienced employees having problems with their employers and do not have anyone to fight for his or her rights. Improvements with communication will provide the employees means of better communication within their employers. For instance, having an employee’s feedback box will provide all employees’ access to address different issue without the feeling of intimidation. The employees are aware that these issues can be very damaging to the company, if not addressed in the proper manner. I just think that the employees are more in tuned with the issues that are more pertinent. The area of Pay and Benefits is also an important factor. Looking at today’s economy people is willing to work any job with good pay and benefits. In today’s society there are employees who expect to get paid for less work. There are employers who will pay less for more work. I think that ever employee needs to be evaluated honestly on his or her work performance. I would also have employee meetings to collect important feedback. In order to receive honest feedback, I will allow the employees to submit their opinions anonymously. Conclusion After reading the three chapters concerning the ways that human resource management impacts a business. I have realized that I have a lot to learn reading is good but the best teacher is experience. I pray that everything I have and will read stay with me during my future business adventures. A great deal of what I have read, I have been experiencing through the actions of others on my job. Just like with everything else you have to weigh the pros and cons.

Analyze The Impact Of Facebook For Student Media Essay

Analyze The Impact Of Facebook For Student Media Essay After 2 years of launching, Facebook has accumulated millions of users. Through Facebook the users can edit their profile, sending message to friends, chat, play games and other features are also available. Due to this fact Alexa.com has ranked Facebook 2nd most widely used social site. This is also proclaimed by Mark Zuckerberg open letter, now Facebook has over 350million users worldwide. All of those data show that Facebook nowadays has become part of the students life. The student needs to interact with their friend or family. Furthermore, Facebook has became an alternative for email. One of the differences between Facebook and email, Facebook can show you the update about your friends. You can also view your friends latest activities and give comments. Online games that provided in Facebook also make us access Facebook more often. All these possibilities can lead to Facebook addiction and can make student life become imbalance, then it will affect the academic performance. For example, the students become less concentrated in the class if the class has computer that connected to the internet. 1.2 Statement of The Problem Logged into Facebook account during teaching or learning session. This action can be observed in classroom equipped with the computer and internet access. During the class most of the students are not paying attention and rather prefer to surf on internet and login to their Facebook account. This behavior signals addiction and it will jeopardize their academic performance. Social website like Facebook is very famous among the student and some of them are getting addicted. As a student, our nature is to interact with other people. We need other people in our lives. Facebook satisfy this human need. At Facebook you can communicate your opinion, share pictures, videos and give comment on friends profile. Besides that, at Facebook you can also create an invitation to spread news about any events and invite them. This is a sign of addiction which could be happening, when you login to Facebook, it distracts your time when you are supposed study, the inability to control time spent on Facebook. 1.3 Objective Our research on Facebook effects among the Hamdard university, which narrows our research focusing on the students in their academic activities. Our main focuses are: To inform the readers about the advantages and disadvantages of the Facebook. To analyze the impact of the Facebook on students. To suggest ways of minimizing the bad impact of Facebook to students. 1.4 Significance of Study After conducting the research about the effect, we hope that we can contribute something to the student or the reader that have problem what we have explained in the problem statement. The main purpose it to relate our study to the problem and suggest solution about it. Our significance of studies are: Finding will analyze the impact of Facebook for student. Solution will help student to improve their academic performance. 1.5 Scope To help us make the research possible with the given time and resources, we need to limit our scope. Furthermore, we decide that our subjects to gather the data are only limited to Hamdard University students. 1.6 Research Question Based on our research objective, we are going to conduct research to answer several research questions that can help us answer the objective. The questions are: What are the advantages and disadvantages of Facebook? What are the impacts of Facebook to the student? What are the solutions for the student to minimize the negative impact to Facebook? CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Overview This chapter discusses the impact Facebook has on the campus. But, first lets see how far Facebook has developed beyond campuses. There are a lot of facts that can show how far it has gone, eg, According to Fodeman and Monroe (article January 12th, 2009) says that four years ago it was rare to learn of a child under 7th grade with an account. Last fall, for the first time, 4th graders began reporting to us that they had Facebook accounts. Now, in the light of this statement we have found out that 60 70% of 7th graders have accounts and the number is higher for 8th graders. These children are too young to be using Facebook or other adult social networks for the reasons. Regarding the impact of Facebook, which is the main problem will be discussed later on in the report. In this chapter the impact of facebook will be divided into two parts, first the advantages of facebook and the second the disadvantages especially for the students of Hamdard university who are our main research targ et. 2.2 Advantages of Facebook Social network sites such as such as Facebook allow individuals to present themselves, and establish or maintain connections with others. These sites can be oriented towards work-related contexts, romantic relationship initiation, connecting those with shared interests such as music or politics, or the college student population. Participants may use the sites to interact with people they already know offline or to meet new people. Facebook enables its users to find friends who can post comments on each others pages, and view each others profiles. Facebook members can also join virtual groups based on common interests, to see what interest do they share with others, and learn each others hobbies, interests, musical tastes, and romantic relationship status through the profiles (Ellison et al, 2007). Facebook comprises of a rich site for researchers interested in the affordances of social networks due to its heavy usage patterns and technological capabilities that bridge online and offline connections. Previous research suggests that Facebook users engage in searching for people with whom they have an offline connection more than they browse for complete strangers to meet (Lampe, Ellison, Steinfield, 2006). 2.3 Disadvantages of Facebook Facebook has became famous, it is because that it allows people who probably have never met in a real world can have a good communication with each other and built a new relationship and friendship, also from Facebook people can post anything they feel in short term and may get many attention from their friend that make that personal feel more comfortable because there many friend care about his personality. Facebook make our society very open, people have their right when they want be friend from their profile so there many user put many things in their profile that can make other people interest on their profile.(J. Cooper, 2008). Many academic institutions around the country especially Hamdard university have felt the changes of students only from a social network their use especially Facebook. However, this new technology also brings negative implications, such as lowered GPAs etc. Without realizing that everything they post to Facebook they actually is not privacy anymore even that become a serious criminal offence if they are not aware about what they post in internet. For example the administrator at Purdue University, Pablo Malavenda came across Facebook page and he found there is one group called We Hate Pablo and that posted his home address and instruction to eliminate him (J. Olson, M. Clough and K. Penning, 2009 p. 445). Scam can be done by sell a product through the internet and post the link in Facebook, when someone interested and buy the product the payment for that product is through credit card or pay pal. Finally, when the buyer already pays for that product, he or she does not get the product because that product actually not really exists. CRITIQUES OF SOCIAL NETWORKING IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTES The unpredictable damaging effect of Facebook and other social sites have been long debated within the boundaries of academic strongholds and outside, a new concept of Cyber bullying has emerge for many institutes, especially since 2000. Several studies are made especially a recent article in the Illinois School Board Journal suggests that girls in particular are victimized to cyber bullying and are being harassed. The truth is that Cyber bullying exists in or out of the educational institute boundaries, its up to the institute teachers and parents of students to understand this problem and deal with it. The more dangerous problem is that students today see the web as their private playground and are unaware of the dangers posed by careless online postings. Using Facebook takes time. Often, a LOT of time! Greatest factor for individuals is to socialize and the passion to socialize is increasing. Their irresistible need to connect with their peers, joined with the development of 24/7 accessible technologies, can make the use of sites like Facebook irresistible. Socializing might be necessary but intensive use of these social sites may lead to unstoppable use. This will take away the allocated time from other activities i.e. studies,work,sports etc THE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL NETWORKS ON AN INDIVIDUALS PERFORMANCE The social network approach holds that the behavior of an individual is effected by the relationships and the technology that he might posses rather than the norms he practices. The social feelings exchanged between two individuals characterizes their tie. Social networks have a positive and a negative effect on the individuals performance, these effects can be on studies,work,family etc. Researchers have found that positive network does have a positive effect on work and academics, on the other hand, the effects of an negative network are negatively related to performance. It is imperative to talk about three social networks on students performance. A. Friendship Networks Friendship between two people can emerge only if and when their paths cross. They would be more likely to meet and share. This fairly does not means that it only determines that individuals will only meet but also influence other factors such as visibility and closeness. Increased visibility and exposure increase the likelihood of becoming friends. Therefore, a student who is in to a friendship network has more opportunities to access resources that may be important to successful academic performance. Perhaps it is the most importantly resource for a student in coping with academic related stresses. A student who is central in a friendship network has a greater chance of helping others and also being helped; thus, he is likely to perform better in the instructional setting, and so people who are central in friendship network are likely to be popular in web-based forum, and may have a better chance in developing more friendship with others. This will lead to a larger social circle, increasing in social popularity which may also gather individuals who can help with academics activities thus having a constructive effect on our academic activities. B. Advice Networks Advice networks are such networks through which students can share resources eg. Information, assictance,guidance which are related to their work. The advice network is more practical than friendship network. Advice network works in a way, when an individual is given a task he may turn towards to these networks and obtain available exchange of resources, guidance and information. When the job is done the person can now provide the resources obtained to others in order to guide them. A person who is a part of advice networks is likely to perform better in class because he possesses task-related information, experience and guidance. Thus advice networks are positively related to the performance of an individual in a academic setting. C. Adversarial Networks Adversarial relations refer to those relations that may involve negative exchanges. Those kinds of relations cause emotional distress, anger, or unresponsiveness. They have been found to have a drastic effect on the students performance and satisfaction, thus it is negatively related to performance. Such networks are responsible for diminishing concentration in students, lack of attention and an outcast. Deep analysis shows that individuals who are a part of such networks will have a hard time keeping up with performance, as referred in the beginning the friendship network is to make friends who will be a use in time of need and will demonstrate a positive relationship, but what if due to adversarial network you might indulge in a relationship that might take you to a spiral down life. Studies have shown that many single individuals use social networks to get involved in a relationship that at times lead to a disastrous result in the end. The person involved in such relation sufferin g a setback will experience emotional turmoil, anger, hatred. Another example of adversarial network is that many users dont care what are they getting involved in online, they also get caught in criminal activities that will put their life to a halt. Being a part of an Adversarial network will lead to misfortune that will force the individual to pay a great price. Does social networking hurt student grades? The explosion is stunting students language skills , this article was posted by Kate Conrath, she herself was a facebook user, she started using Facebook in college , made progress while using it upto the level of completing college and moving on, she learned many progressive things such as writing personal statement, term papers, refined her oral language, working with master interviews etc., clearly she was a part of a friends network or advice network which have been discussed above. She got a job as a teacher, she found out that students using facebook had a different approach that she used to have when she was using facebok at her time. Today, many students are using Facebook, Twitter and other social networking sites, sometimes hundreds of times a day. Their growth in vocabulary becomes stunted because of the social networking explosion, they practically use the words like ill c u l8er or I ll cum to ye hum 2day, students using social sites extensively and usually chatting will use these words in their conversation and will have a adverse effect on their real vocabulary when theyll interact with others. Perusing social networking sites has the same effects as watching too much television; its a major distraction with no possible benefit. Preoccupation with these sites has completely taken over as the major chunk in students life free time. Just like adults put away their responsibilities (grading papers; perhaps?), students avoiding homework and not completing their tasks which will lead them to a spiral downwards. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction This section discusses the methodology of the research. The main purpose of the research is to give solutions to help student reduce their addiction in social network, Facebook. To get some information why they become addict with Facebook, we will chose a smple size of 50-100 students around the campus. Data for the research will be collected through questionnaire and observation. 3.2 Target area of research We will be targeting students of our department with a sample size of 50-100 students ranging from BBA Freshman to MBA finalist. 3.3 Research Instruments This research utilized both quantitative and qualitative research methodology. The instruments used to collect the data were questionnaire and observation. A set of questionnaire will contain 14 questions including space for comment / opinion / suggestion on the topic. The qualitative data for the research come from observation, and find for another data from internet. For example from internet, we find from Wikipedia, and various other sites that can help us to get some information for this research. 3.4 Data Analysis To process the data, the questionnaire and observation data both will be separated into two groups, which will be addicted and non-addicted group. The data will process and enter to the computer using Microsoft office Word software and process the data into the graphs and charts, and then the explanation and description about the result will be included in the document. Abstract Facebook has over 350million users worldwide data show that Face book nowadays has become part of the students life. it has became an alternative for email,games,file sharing etc.Facebook addiction and can make student life become imbalance, then it will affect the academic performance. Analysis of the research will reveal how much and many students are addicted to facebook and how many are suffering depleting grades and are unable to fulfill their academic goals. The research method which will be used in this research will be both quantitative and qualitative, we will taret the students of Hamdard University with a sample size of 50-100 students undergraduate and masters. This data will be analyzed and will be broken down in to two parts i.e. addicted and non addicted people, in the end we will provide a solution how these addictions can be overcome and academic goals can be achieve.

Connotations Of Animal Words In English And Chinese Languages Essay

Connotations Of Animal Words In English And Chinese Languages Essay Abstract This paper aims to study the characteristics of different types of animal words in English and Chinese. Because of the close relation between human beings and animals, animal words have been given rich connotations. However, due to the differences of customs, living environments and cultural backgrounds of various nationalities, each nationality has its own understanding about animal words. According to their features, this paper divides animal words into three categories ¼Ã…’one is same animal words, similar connotations, one is same animal words, different connotations, another is different animal words, similar connotations. Whats more, it is to further analyze the translation strategy for each group of animal words and find out a rule for the translation of animal words. Key Words intercultural communication; animal words; difference; connotation; translation strategy 1. Introduction Animal words take over a large amount in English and Chinese. As the result, it is significant to master different meanings of animal words in intercultural communication. 1.1 Research Background With the rapid development of the global world, people have more and more chances to communicate with foreigners. Intercultural communication has become more and more important. It is a common phenomenon in our daily life, which can occur anytime and anywhere just between two people from different countries. Due to the differences of cultures and social backgrounds between the countries, people have diverse understandings toward a same word. A successful intercultural communication demands exact meaning and accurate expression. The animal is closely related to the human beings. In the daily life, people will use large numbers of animal words to express the feelings or describe some situations. Animal words contain large cultural information. As two of the most widely used languages, both Chinese and English are full of animal words which have accumulated abundant connotations as the time passed by. To know the right connotation of an animal word between English and Chinese, we can avoid making mistakes in the process of translation, and avoid misunderstandings in intercultural communication as well. 1.2 Purpose of the Research As Là ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Aà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Samovar said ¼Ã… ¡It is more accurate to say people possess meaning and that words elicit these meanings. We can have different meanings for the same word. All people ¼Ã…’drawing on their backgrounds, decide what a word means(Là ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Aà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Samovar ¼Ã…’1995 ¼Ã… ¡152). So based on different cultural background, animal words have different connotations. While in intercultural communication, its necessary to understand the connotations of animal words. Meanwhile, the translation is one of the most important activities on intercultural communication. Therefore, in this thesis, the writer wants to study the difference connotations of animal words in English and Chinese and to find out a translation rule for different kinds of animal words. 1.3 Structure of the Paper The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter includes the research background, purpose of the study and the organization of this thesis. In the second chapter, literature review aims at presenting the previous investigations of animal word, which includes the achievements and limitations of past studies of animal words. Then the third chapter discusses the similarities and differences of animal words in English and Chinese. In this chapter, the writer divides animal words into three different categories. The fourth chapter finds out the suitable translation strategies for each kind of animal words. The last chapter draws a conclusion and points out the limitations of the research ¼Ã… ½ 2. Literature Review The history of intercultural communication maybe is as long as the history of human life. The bargains of merchants along the silk road during the Tang Dynasty in China and the immigration of thousands upon thousands of gold-diggers to north America are the instances of intercultural communication(à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¨Ã… ½Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¼Ã…’2011 ¼Ã… ¡5). But actually, the systemic study of intercultural communication just started in the United States in the 1950s. Intercultural communication is related to linguistics ¼Ã…’psychology ¼Ã…’praxiology ¼Ã…’sociology, philosophy and so on. In addition, intercultural communication plays a major role in tourists, overseas studies, business and immigrants. The scholars at home have been done many investigations of animal words in English and Chinese from various dimensions. Such as Liao Guangrong (à ¥Ã‚ »-à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å"†°Ã‚ ¼Ã…’2000) pays more attention to the cultural connotation of the animal word itself. Liu Yingjie(à ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‹Å"à ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¼Ã…’2006) focuses on the linguistics to analyze animal words. The thesis A Comparative Cognitive Analysis of Metaphors in English and Chinese Animal Terms (Di Feng, 2006) studies the animal terms from the stand point of metaphors. He focused on proving the effect of metaphorical competence development to the language enhancement and cultural studying through the study of contemporary metaphor theories and the relationship between the animal terms and cultural. Zhou Datian(2007) analyzes the reasons that cause the different images of animal words in English and Chinese. He points out that these differences are influenced by four features. They are the cul ture, literary quotations about animal words, peoples customs and the mode of production, the sports and entertainment. Meanwhile, he thinks that animal words represent the national characteristic. If we understand and use animal words correctly, we can study and comprehend these two languages better. By reviewing the previous researches in animal words, the author finds that animal words studies on the perspective of the intercultural communication are limited ¼Ã… ½Even there is no paper systematically analyzing the major translations methods of different kinds of animal words that base on intercultural communication. 3. The Similar and Different Connotations of Animal Words in English and Chinese If people dont understand the cultural background of the sentences, it is hard to know the true meaning the speaker wants to express while in intercultural communication. For example, here is a dialogue about the connotation of an animal word. A asks B whether he is ready for the math exam tomorrow. Then B answers that he has got his rabbits foot right here. In this dialogue, the rabbits foot shares the same meaning of good luck and success. If we dont know this background, we would not continue the talking. So it is worthy of studying the similarities and differences of the connotation of animal words so as to avoid the embarrassment in intercultural communication. 3.1 Same Animal Words, Similar Connotations Most animal words contain abundant connotations. However, because of animals nature and traits, they often share the same meaning. The connotation of bull in English and Chinese are similar in accordance with the bad temper of bull. To refer to a person who is stubborn, Chinese and English share some similar expressions. In English, people say Sometimes you can be so bull-headed! While in Chinese, people usually say à §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬ . And the image of the bee which is busy gathering honey is well-known by people, so we use the bee to praise the industrious and hardworking person both in English and Chinese, e.g. He is as busy as a bee. In addition, living in the similar environment, though people from different culture background, they would share similar understanding about a same animal. Take fox as an example, when the fox refers to a person, it means that the man is cunning or sly. According to Oxford Dictionary, pig is Domestic or wild animal with short legs, cloven hooves and a broad blunt snout (Oxford, 1108). That is the denotation of pig. Actually the imaginary and metaphorical expressions of pig in English and Chinese are alike as well. They both connotes the images of fat, foolish and greedy. In Chinese, à ¨Ã†â€™-à ¥Ã‚ ¾-à ¥Ã†â€™Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ´Ãƒ §Ã…’ ªÃ‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ´Ãƒ §Ã…’ ªÃƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã…’ ªÃƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¨Ã‚  Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ §Ã…’ ªare gross words to scold people. In English, there are saying like as fat as a pig , He makes a pig of himself (à ¤Ã‚ »-à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚ ½) or He has been a pig about money(à ¤Ã‚ »-à ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾-à ¦-  Ãƒ ¥Ã… ½Ã…’). There are others sharing similar connotation, for instance, lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen (à ©Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã… ½Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ®); fish in troubled waters (à ¦Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¸Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ¼); Its a good horse that never stumbles(à ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬Å¾) . In short, when in intercultural communication, the similarity of connotative meanings of animal words in English and Chinese can help people make less misunderstanding as possible. 3.2 Same Animal Words, Different Connotations In most cases, the animal word stands for different images in different cultures. Here the author wants to introduce some typical animal words which are remarkably different in different cultures.. 3.2.1 Fish(à ©Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ¼) Britain is an island country. The fishery and seafaring are fully developed and they mean a lot to Britain. Thus, many sayings are created according to the sea. For example, British will use a fine kettle of fish to express the things are in the mess or farfetched. Fish in the air is equal to the Chinese phrase à ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ˆ. To have other fish to fry means people have other things to deal with. About the fish in English ,it is also a derogatory word reflected to the bad person, like a poor fish(à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¨Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ «); a loose fish(à §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ´Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ º); a cold fish (à ¥Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¼Ã‚  Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ º). It is very difficult to know the exact meaning without a well understanding about the English culture. So does the Chinese. The fish has the same pronunciation as à ¤Ã‚ ½Ã¢â€ž ¢, so the fish is the symbol of abundance in Chinese. In Spring Festival, people would like to cook a fish as a dish to symbolize a good luck in the next year(the authors translation) (à §Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¼Ã…’2003 ¼Ã… ¡17à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 18). It is a special tradition of China which is unique over the world. Many foreigners hear little of it. 3.2.2 Dog(à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-) Dog shares the same denotation in both English and Chinese. But Chinese and English-speaking countries have different attitudes toward dog. To talk about the connotation, these two languages are greatly diverse. In English-spoken countries, people do not just keep dogs for hunting or farming, but also treat them as fellows. The dog always shows a lovely and loyal image in English. By this reason, English people keep taking the dog as humans faithful friend. Here are some expressions of dog : a lucky dog(à ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¿), a clever dog (à ¨Ã‚ Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¦Ã‹Å"Ã… ½Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ º), a top dog (à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ©), every dog has its days ¼Ã… ½(à ¦Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ©Ã†â€™Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¦Ã…“†°Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾-à ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦- ¶). Opposite to English, when to refer a person of dog, it usually means something bad in Chinese. For instance, the myth à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-à ¥Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ´Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ¿Ã†â€™ means mistaking a good person as bad guy. Most Chinese phrases about à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-are associated with derogatory connotations. It is reflected on the sayings like à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã… ½, à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-à ¦Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢, à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-à ¤Ã‚ »-à ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã…  Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ §Ã…  Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-à §Ã…“ ¼Ãƒ §Ã…“†¹Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã… ½Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-à ¥Ã‹Å" ´Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¨Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â€ž ¢. While Chinese say someone like a dog or à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-à ¦Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ §Ã‚ , they are criticizing a person. No Chinese people would like to be called as a dog. T hus we must take special care while translating from English to Chinese. 3.2.3 Dragon(à ©Ã‚ ¾Ã¢â€ž ¢) Dragon is of commentary meaning in Chinese. According to the dictionary, dragon is a heroic animal of the ancient Chinese legend, the ancient symbol of the emperor (the authors translation) (à §Ã… ½Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ £Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¼Ã…’816). Dragon is an imaginary animal in China. In Chinese culture dragon occupies a prominent position as it symbolizes auspiciousness, wealth, future and power. We Chinese people call ourselves as descendants of dragon(à ©Ã‚ ¾Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã‚  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ º). Parents hope their children can be useful and have a bright future like a dragon or a phoenix when they grow up. Ancient people also believed that the dragon was the king of the sea ¼Ã…’was an immortal. Therefore the dragon is always associated with water and heavens. On the contrary, dragon is a derogatory term in English. Though à ©Ã‚ ¾Ã¢â€ž ¢ and dragon are both an imaginary animal in China and western countries, they have different appearances. According to the dictionary, the dragon is a mythical monster like a giant reptile. In European tradition the dragon is typically fire-breathing and tends to symbolize chaos or evil (The New Oxford Dictionary of English.2001). Dragon is also considered to be a fierce person, esp. a woman. So obviously, the translator cant translate the dragon word directly from Chinese to English. It will make English people think that it is a curse. 3.3 Different Animal Words, Similar Connotations By the commonness of social lives and customs in China and English-speaking countries, people may use different animal words to represent similar connotations, especially in the idioms. For instance, à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ³Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¬ has the same meaning of the black sheep of the family(à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ §Ã‚ ¾Ã…  ); à §Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã…  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã…’ can be regarded as love me love my dog; English people would like to say like a rat in the hole to describe a person who is sure to win or troubles are easily to save. But in Chinese ,we prefer to employ à §Ã¢â‚¬Å" ®Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¦Ã…  Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ©Ã‚ ³-; To refer to hypocritical, in Chinese it would use à §Ã…’ «Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬Å" ­Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¼Ã‚  . In English it would use the crocodile tears(à ©Ã‚ ³Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã…“ ¼Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ³Ã‚ ª); Sell a pig in a poke has the same meaning as à ¦Ã…’‚à §Ã‚ ¾Ã…  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ -à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-à ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬ °. There is one more typical examination of this sort. HorseandOx Because of the difference of farming practices, horse and ox play the same role in China and Britain. They are the important instruments for farming, so horse and ox share some similarities in these two counties, even in other western counties. To refer to strong, in Chinese there are expressions like à ¥Ã…  Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ £Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾-à ¥Ã†â€™Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ´Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬ º. In English, they are equal to as strong as a horse. Hardworking without complain, in Chinese, these person will be called à ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬ º(à §Ã‚ ½-à ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¼Ã…’2010 ¼Ã… ¡2). While in English, they will be said as work like a horse or a willing horse. In other aspect, the man who tells lies would be called à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ §Ã… ¡Ã‚ ®. And he would be called talk horse in English. 4. The Translation of Animal Words in English and Chinese According to Columbia Encyclopedia, Translation is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor (Columbia, qtd. inà ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ³Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¦,2006:40). Our famous scholar Yan Fu defined the standards of the translation as faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance. Generally speaking, it is difficult for translators to translate a word individually without a sentence or a text. They should maintain the right meaning of the source language, and also follow the style of the original texts to keep the coherence of the source texts and the target texts. Translation is often compared to a bridge, which is not just between the source text and the target text but between the author of original text and the reader of the target text(à ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ³Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¦,2006:40 41). The close relation between language and culture determines the close ties of translation and culture. Translation is not just about individual words. The cultural backgrounds and knowledge also play a major role in translation and restrict it. Therefore ¼Ã…’translation is one of intercultural communication activities. The words translation constructs the foundation of intercultural communication(the authors translation) (à §Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º,2003 ¼Ã… ¡21). 4.1 The Translation Strategy for animal words Sharing Similar Connotation Because the similar understanding of the same animal words in English and Chinese, the reader can easily get the right meaning of the words without the translators explanation. These animal words can be translated into other language directly. In other words, translators can use literal translation on animal words which share the same denotations or the similar connotation. Literal translation refers to translate a sentence originally, keeping the original forms, including construction of sentences, meaning of the original words and metaphor of the original and so on. It can not only reproduce the meaning and frame of language, but also keep its vivid image figure of speech and novel and unique expressive ways so that the readers can comprehend the origins literal grace(à ¤Ã‚ ½Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ , 2011). Here are some examples of using literal translation. There is an English sayings like water off a ducks back to describe a phenomena that the water couldnt stay in the ducks back and all slide off without any trail. It is used to criticize a person whom the suggestions have no effect on. Likewise, there is a same idiom in Chinese which has the same connotation à ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¨Ã†â€™Ã…’. Thus, translators can use literal translation on this saying. Because the image of the rat is timid and disgusting both in English and Chinese, the phrases A lion at home ¼Ã…’a mouse a broad and A rat crossing the street is chased by a11 can be directly translated to à ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤-à ¥Ã†â€™Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¼Ã‚   and à ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¼Ã‚  Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¡-à ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ¥-Ã…  Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬Å". There are others animal words have similar connotations like black horse(à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ©Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¬), as stupid as an ass(à §Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾-à ¥Ã†â€™Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ´) and do not be a goose(à ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ «Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¦). The literal translation can not only express the same connotations of animal words, but also can remain the language style of the source text better. 4.2 The Translation Strategy for Animal Words Sharing Diverse Connotation It is a good choice to use the free translation to interpret animal words which have same denotations but different connotations in English and Chinese. Only to abandon the denotations can we guarantee that the cultural meaning would be accurately transferred. To take the typical example dragon. As we all know, dragon has a completely opposite images in Chinese and English. So, a Chinese phrase à ¦Ã…“†ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ­Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‹â€ Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¾Ã¢â€ž ¢ can not be translated literally into expect ones son to become a dragon. In order to avoid misunderstanding, the better translation is to expect ones son to become useful. Out of such consideration,à ¤Ã‚ ºÃ… ¡Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ²Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¾Ã¢â€ž ¢ is properly interpreted as the four tigers of Asia ¼Ã… ½But in recent years, with the widespread of Chinese Dragon Culture, some scholars put forward that translator can translate à ©Ã‚ ¾Ã¢â€ž ¢ to Loong to reserve the Chinese cultural characteristic(à ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ·Ã ¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ¾Ã‚  Ã‚ ¼Ã…’2008 ¼Ã… ¡2). In English, it has an acclaim like you are a lucky dog. But because of the different images of dog in English and Chinese, it will be considered as a curse when is translated to à ¤Ã‚ ½Ã‚  Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å" ¯Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¦Ã‹Å"Ã… ½Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-. If the connotations of one animal word is dissimilar even inconsistent in two languages, the better translation strategy is only to keep the connotation, in other words, to use the free translation. Thus, the sentence you are a lucky dog should be translated into à ¤Ã‚ ½Ã‚  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¦Ã‹Å"Ã… ½. 4.3 The Translation Strategy for Different Animal Words Sharing Similar Connotation On the basis of the analysis above, there exists a situation in which different animal words share the similar connotations in English and Chinese. This type of animal words can be substituted by each other. While translating, the translator just needs to find the matched animal words or some idioms to replace it. These are some translation instances from English to Chinese. As the analysis above, the connotations of the lion and tiger are similar. As the result, to place oneself in a lions mouth can be translated to à §Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ºÃ‚ «Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã… ½Ãƒ §Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ´. Meanwhile, we would better translate the English idiom kill the goose that laid the golden eggs to à ¦Ã‚ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ -à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ µ rather than à ¦Ã‚ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ -à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ µ. Beside, it seems no mistake to translate the phrase better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion to à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ §Ã…  Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¦-,à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã…“à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¾. Bu t the Chinese may dont understand the connotation of this translation. In addition, a Chinese saying à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ ©Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¾ shares the similar meaning with this phrase. Alternatively, we could use à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ ©Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¾ to replace the translation of à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ §Ã…  Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¦-,à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã…“à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¾ in this phrase. The English to wake a sleeping wolf and the Chinese à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ¨Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¦Ã†â€™Ã…  Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ¡ both express the inadvertently action making the others awareness and prevention. In this way, these two phrases can interconvert while translating. The purpose of translation is to maintain the cultural meanings of the source texts. It is not suitable to use literal translation or free translation to translate animal words which different ones stand for similar connotation. It is easily to confuse and mislead the readers. The author thinks that the best translation strategy for these animal words is to use the similar connotation words of the target language to substitute the original animal word in source text. It is better to maintain the connotation and the language characteristic of source text as well. 5. Conclusion Animal words contain lots of connotations which are relied on peoples living environment, religion and the animals appearances. Since the close relation between human being and animals, and the various connotations of animal words in English and Chinese, it is really necessary to know the exact meaning of animal words to guarantee intercultural communication go on smoothly. The translation is one important intercultural communication activity. After analyzing animal words connotations, the writer finds that animal words can be divided into three categories according to their own connotation feature. Each group of animal words is suitable for one translation strategy. Translation in English and Chinese, translators can use the literal translation for the same animal words referring to similar meaning, and use the free translation for same animal words referring to different meaning. In addition, translators can use the same meaning animal words to replace when different words share si milar meaning. But this mode is not stationary, the translators must be flexible, they should find the right connotation in the source text based on the writers intention. A successful translation is to express the deep meaning of the source texts through analyzing the whole texts, instead of studying on the surface. By the limited scope of knowledge of the author and insufficient time, this paper just talks about a minimal part of the study of animal words and refers to only three major translation strategies. There are more animal words which cannot be listed and discussed here one by one. But the author hopes this thesis can be helpful for the further research of animal words.

A Comparison of the American Dream in Death of a Salesman and A Raisin

The Value of a Dream in Death of a Salesman and A Raisin in the Sun      Ã‚   How does one value a dream? This question arises while reading both Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman and Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun.   Although the two novels are very different, the stories and characters share many likenesses.   Death of a Salesman concerns a family’s difficulty in dealing with unrealized dreams.   A Raisin in the Sun focuses on a family's struggle to agree on a common dream.   In each of these stories, there are conflicts between the dreams that each character is struggling to attain.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Death of a Salesman, Happy and Biff are uncertain of where they are in life, and only reach out for the simple, already-tangible things at hand. Biff: "I don't know- what I'm supposed to want", and Happy:   "I don't know what the hell I'm working for", means that they bothh feel they havn't progressed.   All they want to do is work with their hands, with their shirts off and their backs to the sun.   Neither Biff nor Happy have struggled to get to where they feel secure, otherwise they would not be admitting such things.   And both have also dismissed the truth; Biff saying "Never mind. Just don't llay it all to me" and Happy saying, "Just don't lay it all at me feet."   Happy also wants to believe that everything is alright; Happy is fine, so long as he can make himself believe that everyone around him is fine.   Towards the end of the story, when Biff accuses everyone of lying, Happy exclaims, "We always told the truth!" b ut in the beginning, he admitted to Biff, "See, Biff, everybody around me is so false that I'm constantly lowering my ideals."      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Willy Loman wants his dreams so badly that, in his ... ...o survive.   The Youngers never left the house; the house was the only place of action.   It was the pillar, even though it wasn't a great one.   They made it the pillar by their pride and faith.   Willy Loman died with somewhat of a sense of honor and dignity.   He knew he would make his family finally and truly proud, and, most importantly, he knew that Biff loved him, and he always had.   There is no such thing as a wasted life, so long as there are dreams to cloud up reality and, possibly, make them possible.      Works Consulted: Bloom, Harold. Twientieth-Century American Literature. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Draper, James P. Black Literature Criticisms. Detroit: Gale Research Incorporated, 1992. Hansberry, Lorraine.   A Raisin in the Sun.   New York:   Signet, 1988. Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman.   New York: Viking, 1995.   

Social Commentary in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald :: free essay writer

The Great Gatsby:Â   Social Commentary On one level The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald comments on the careless gaiety and moral decadence of the period in which it was set. It contains innumerable references to the contemporary scene. The wild extravagance of Gatsby's parties, the shallowness and aimlessness of the guests and the hint of Gatsby's involvement in crime all identify the period and the American setting. But as a piece of social commentary The Great Gatsby also describes the failure of the American dream, from the point of view that American political ideals conflict with the actual social conditions that exist. For whereas American democracy is based on the idea of equality among people, the truth is that social discrimination still exists and the divisions among the classes cannot be overcome. Myrtle's attempt to break into the group to which the Buchanans belong is doomed to fail. Taking advantage of her vivacity, her lively nature, she seeks to escape from her own class. She enters into an affair wi th Tom and takes on his way of living. But she only becomes vulgar and corrupt like the rich. She scorns people from her own class and loses all sense of morality. And for all her social ambition, Myrtle never succeeds in her attempt to find a place for herself in Tom's class. When it comes to a crisis, the rich stand together against all outsiders. Myrtle's condition, of course, is a weaker reflection of Gatsby's more significant struggle. While Myrtle's desire springs from social ambition, Gatsby's is related more to his idealism, his faith in life's possibilities. Undoubtedly, his desire is also influenced by social considerations; Daisy, who is wealthy and beautiful, represents a way of life which is remote from Gatsby's and therefore more attractive because it is out of reach. However, social consciousness is not a basic cause. It merely directs and increases Gatsby's belief in life's possibilities. Like Myrtle, Gatsby struggles to fit himself into another social group, but his attempt is more urgent because his whole faith in life is involved in it. Failure, therefore, is more terrible for him. His whole career, his confidence in himself and in life is totally shattered when he fails to win Daisy. His death when it comes is almost insignificant, for, with the collapse of his dream, Gatsby is already spiritually dead. As social satire, The Great Gatsby is also a comment on moral decadence in modem American society.

Cash flow

This has become increasingly important because of modern technological advances and increased competition. In today's business environment, having a top-notch value flow is a dominant core competency for companies. In addition, as a consumer it is interesting to learn how companies are able to develop more efficient and effective value flow practices, and how this generates a domino effect throughout the business marketplace. In order to better understand this concept, articles pertaining to value flow will be researched and compared to textbook readings from the course.In addition, the concept of value flow will be biblically integrated and applied to real-life situations in the market. Comparison In Operations management for Mambas the authors, Meredith and Shafer (201 3), describe value in two ways: How much a customer is willing to pay for a good or service and the opposite of waste. Meredith et al. (2013) go on to explain how value is ultimately defined by the customer, and orga nizational practices that utilize resources but do not create any perceived value for the customer is wasteful (p. 180).For example, overproduction, inefficient inventory', long wait times, redundant transporting and processing, and deficiencies are all types of waste; also referred to as mud (Meredith et al. P. 180, 2013). Notably, Meredith et al. (2013) discuss how to identify an organization's value stream, ways to make value efficiently flow, and provide examples of various value stream approaches. The authors explain that a value stream is the group of processes, both valuable and invaluable, from, that create a product or service and deliver it to the customer including, â€Å"†¦ He design of the OUtPUt; continues through the operations function, where raw materials are transformed into finished goods; and ends with the delivery of its output to the consumer† (Meredith et al. , p. 181 , 2013). In addition, Meredith et al. (2013) describe potential obstacles for eff icient value flow such as erratic processes, incorrect batching sizes, and traditional organization structures separating steps by department (p. 1 86). Operations management for Mambas effectively provides a broad overview of value flow, but a more comprehensive understanding of the concept can be gained through additional research (Meredith et al. P. 180-186, 2013). For example, Shaman (2013) conducts a study throughout the Egyptian industrial sector that aims to create a standardized tool to measure the impacts of value creation emission. Like Meredith et al. (2013), Shaman (201 3), describes waste as mud and describes how this pipe of waste is usually discovered after the process is already in place (p. 17). In addition, Shaman (2013) resourcefully makes a connection between lean manufacturing processes and value flow (p. 17-35).Engendered-Nonwhite, (2012) conducts a similar study that attempts to develop a three-step approach to aid companies in facilitating flexibility and ada ptability practices in situations requiring customized products and services (p. 31 8-337). Acetate, Catheter, and Pacification (2011 ) grow off of Hess concepts in a study that focuses On the use of value stream mapping. Acetate et al. (2011) use value stream maps as diagnostic tools to effectively formulate a strategic plan for a company in need of overall value improvement (p. 99-11 0).The articles researched resourcefully expand on information provided in Meredith et al. ‘s (2013) textbook. By providing real-world and conceptual examples and illustrating thoughtful analysis, these articles promote critical thinking skills. As described in a conference by Huntington Install Industries that stresses the importance of quality education in technology, engineering, science, and mathematics fields, developing critical thinking skills the rough education fosters the development of value creation activities in professional occupations (â€Å"Huntington Install Industries,† 2014).For example, Ductwork (2014) describes how, â€Å"Stakeholder leadership embeds the principles of credible and open problem solving,† which aids in ensuring the value stream meets buyer expectations (p. 19-20). Article Summary In Measuring and Building Lean Thinking for Value Creation in Supply Chains the author, Iranian Shaman (2013), attempts to develop a tool to examine apply chain readiness by measuring the impact of lean thinking and examining the functions of customers, competitors, and suppliers (p. 17).Before conducting this study, Shaman (2013) presents a literature review that provides an overabundance of information regarding lean manufacturing and value creation. For example, she describes lean thinking principles as recognizing what is perceived value by the consumer, developing an efficient value stream, and removing any forms offsets (p. 20-22). In addition, Shaman (2013) stresses the importance of eliminating all possible barriers hat could affect an eff icient flow of value throughout the supply chain (p. 0;22). To conduct the study, Shaman (2013) distributed four hundred questionnaires to companies throughout the industrial industry to determine if there is correlation between lean thinking and value creation and if so, to identify the determinants (p. 22-24). As a result, Shaman (2013) successfully assessed the information gathered and effectively developed a standardized tool to measure and compare various types of lean thinking to degrees of value creation (p. 4-28). Lastly, the author stresses the importance of inducting future studies in this field to explore additional interrelationships and foster continuous advancements throughout supply chain management (Shaman, p. 28, 2013). Biblical Integration Adding value to supply chain processes is not always as simple as it sounds. Theoretically, all a company needs to do is ensure all processes efficiently flow and produce the maximum amount of output at the most effective rate.Ho wever, it is important to recognize a company can still fail even if it produces the highest quality product in its industry if consumers do not deem that product valuable. At the same rate, it is vital for companies to not become complacent with processes when business is striving. As described in scripture, â€Å"Look carefully then how you walk, not as unwise but as wise, making the best use of the time,† (Ephesians 5:15-16, ESP.), it is critical to strive for continuous improvement to preserve a competitive edge. Another key aspect of creating an efficient value flow is teamwork. Two [are] better than one; because they have a good reward for their labor (Ecclesiastic 4:9-12, KAVA). By cultivating a centralized organizational effort, companies are able to foster creativity and innovation. Like the seed described in Corinthians, † he who supplies seed to the sorer and bread for food will also supply and increase your store of seed and will enlarge the harvest of your righteousness† (2 Corinthians g: ID, NIP). Application Developing an efficient value flow is an imperative aspect of being successful in today's business world.Global competitors, advances in technology, and the continuous push for innovation have noticeably increased rivalry. These pushes have made it progressively more difficult for companies to remain relevant. In response, researchers have expanded the study of value flows ND have successfully discovered determinants of value, effects of proficient and inefficient value flow throughout the supply chain, and have developed applications of value creation tools. For example, James Woman (n. D. Describes how Toast's use of value stream mapping aids visualizing life cycles, identifying sources of waste, developing a continuous flow, and linking organizational processes to perceived value by customers. Developing and utilizing instruments like this can make the difference between being a dominant competitor and irrelevant. Annot ated Bibliography Acetate, V. , Catheter, G. & Pacification, C. (2011). Value stream mapping implementation in the third sector. Operations Management Research, 4(1 ), p. 99-110. Retrieved from http://sea arch. Protest. Com. Explore. Liberty. Du:2048/epicenter/deceive/90091 3627/ A23F33330F7 Valentine Acetate, Canonical Catheter, and Claudia Pacification conducted a study that assesses the use of value stream mapping in application to work placement services. Specifically, the authors assess how value stream mapping will aid Don Lugging Palazzo Solidarity Centre in identifying critical points in the value flow chain and suggest actions for continuous improvement during the reorganization process. After researching previous case studies, Acetate et al. Chose to apply the Allison and Kayak model used by Toyota to conduct this study.As a result, the authors developed a strategic application of value stream mapping for Don Lugging Palazzo Solidarity Centre consisting of: Planning and pr eparation, mission and vision statements, analysis of internal and external environment, and strategic value stream planning. Specifically, the results stress the need for a new form design layout that is more simplistic and agile, a new standard criterion for chronologically ling forms, and fluent training and communication to ensure all members comprehensively understand complete flow of activities.The information provided throughout this study successfully illustrates the usefulness of value strategy mapping to increase quality, value flow effectiveness, and end user satisfaction. Ductwork, H. (2014). The employee stakeholder. The Journal for Quality and Participation, 37(1), 19-20. Retrieved from http:// search. Protest. Com. Explore. Liberty. Du:20 48/PC central/ 1 2085 Throughout this article the author, Holly Ductwork, expresses the importance of stakeholder leadership. She describes how the responsiveness and practice of stakeholder leadership aids in ensuring social respons ibility and positive organizational performance. Cash flow This has become increasingly important because of modern technological advances and increased competition. In today's business environment, having a top-notch value flow is a dominant core competency for companies. In addition, as a consumer it is interesting to learn how companies are able to develop more efficient and effective value flow practices, and how this generates a domino effect throughout the business marketplace. In order to better understand this concept, articles pertaining to value flow will be researched and compared to textbook readings from the course.In addition, the concept of value flow will be biblically integrated and applied to real-life situations in the market. Comparison In Operations management for Mambas the authors, Meredith and Shafer (201 3), describe value in two ways: How much a customer is willing to pay for a good or service and the opposite of waste. Meredith et al. (2013) go on to explain how value is ultimately defined by the customer, and orga nizational practices that utilize resources but do not create any perceived value for the customer is wasteful (p. 180).For example, overproduction, inefficient inventory', long wait times, redundant transporting and processing, and deficiencies are all types of waste; also referred to as mud (Meredith et al. P. 180, 2013). Notably, Meredith et al. (2013) discuss how to identify an organization's value stream, ways to make value efficiently flow, and provide examples of various value stream approaches. The authors explain that a value stream is the group of processes, both valuable and invaluable, from, that create a product or service and deliver it to the customer including, â€Å"†¦ He design of the OUtPUt; continues through the operations function, where raw materials are transformed into finished goods; and ends with the delivery of its output to the consumer† (Meredith et al. , p. 181 , 2013). In addition, Meredith et al. (2013) describe potential obstacles for eff icient value flow such as erratic processes, incorrect batching sizes, and traditional organization structures separating steps by department (p. 1 86). Operations management for Mambas effectively provides a broad overview of value flow, but a more comprehensive understanding of the concept can be gained through additional research (Meredith et al. P. 180-186, 2013). For example, Shaman (2013) conducts a study throughout the Egyptian industrial sector that aims to create a standardized tool to measure the impacts of value creation emission. Like Meredith et al. (2013), Shaman (201 3), describes waste as mud and describes how this pipe of waste is usually discovered after the process is already in place (p. 17). In addition, Shaman (2013) resourcefully makes a connection between lean manufacturing processes and value flow (p. 17-35).Engendered-Nonwhite, (2012) conducts a similar study that attempts to develop a three-step approach to aid companies in facilitating flexibility and ada ptability practices in situations requiring customized products and services (p. 31 8-337). Acetate, Catheter, and Pacification (2011 ) grow off of Hess concepts in a study that focuses On the use of value stream mapping. Acetate et al. (2011) use value stream maps as diagnostic tools to effectively formulate a strategic plan for a company in need of overall value improvement (p. 99-11 0).The articles researched resourcefully expand on information provided in Meredith et al. ‘s (2013) textbook. By providing real-world and conceptual examples and illustrating thoughtful analysis, these articles promote critical thinking skills. As described in a conference by Huntington Install Industries that stresses the importance of quality education in technology, engineering, science, and mathematics fields, developing critical thinking skills the rough education fosters the development of value creation activities in professional occupations (â€Å"Huntington Install Industries,† 2014).For example, Ductwork (2014) describes how, â€Å"Stakeholder leadership embeds the principles of credible and open problem solving,† which aids in ensuring the value stream meets buyer expectations (p. 19-20). Article Summary In Measuring and Building Lean Thinking for Value Creation in Supply Chains the author, Iranian Shaman (2013), attempts to develop a tool to examine apply chain readiness by measuring the impact of lean thinking and examining the functions of customers, competitors, and suppliers (p. 17).Before conducting this study, Shaman (2013) presents a literature review that provides an overabundance of information regarding lean manufacturing and value creation. For example, she describes lean thinking principles as recognizing what is perceived value by the consumer, developing an efficient value stream, and removing any forms offsets (p. 20-22). In addition, Shaman (2013) stresses the importance of eliminating all possible barriers hat could affect an eff icient flow of value throughout the supply chain (p. 0;22). To conduct the study, Shaman (2013) distributed four hundred questionnaires to companies throughout the industrial industry to determine if there is correlation between lean thinking and value creation and if so, to identify the determinants (p. 22-24). As a result, Shaman (2013) successfully assessed the information gathered and effectively developed a standardized tool to measure and compare various types of lean thinking to degrees of value creation (p. 4-28). Lastly, the author stresses the importance of inducting future studies in this field to explore additional interrelationships and foster continuous advancements throughout supply chain management (Shaman, p. 28, 2013). Biblical Integration Adding value to supply chain processes is not always as simple as it sounds. Theoretically, all a company needs to do is ensure all processes efficiently flow and produce the maximum amount of output at the most effective rate.Ho wever, it is important to recognize a company can still fail even if it produces the highest quality product in its industry if consumers do not deem that product valuable. At the same rate, it is vital for companies to not become complacent with processes when business is striving. As described in scripture, â€Å"Look carefully then how you walk, not as unwise but as wise, making the best use of the time,† (Ephesians 5:15-16, ESP.), it is critical to strive for continuous improvement to preserve a competitive edge. Another key aspect of creating an efficient value flow is teamwork. Two [are] better than one; because they have a good reward for their labor (Ecclesiastic 4:9-12, KAVA). By cultivating a centralized organizational effort, companies are able to foster creativity and innovation. Like the seed described in Corinthians, † he who supplies seed to the sorer and bread for food will also supply and increase your store of seed and will enlarge the harvest of your righteousness† (2 Corinthians g: ID, NIP). Application Developing an efficient value flow is an imperative aspect of being successful in today's business world.Global competitors, advances in technology, and the continuous push for innovation have noticeably increased rivalry. These pushes have made it progressively more difficult for companies to remain relevant. In response, researchers have expanded the study of value flows ND have successfully discovered determinants of value, effects of proficient and inefficient value flow throughout the supply chain, and have developed applications of value creation tools. For example, James Woman (n. D. Describes how Toast's use of value stream mapping aids visualizing life cycles, identifying sources of waste, developing a continuous flow, and linking organizational processes to perceived value by customers. Developing and utilizing instruments like this can make the difference between being a dominant competitor and irrelevant. Annot ated Bibliography Acetate, V. , Catheter, G. & Pacification, C. (2011). Value stream mapping implementation in the third sector. Operations Management Research, 4(1 ), p. 99-110. Retrieved from http://sea arch. Protest. Com. Explore. Liberty. Du:2048/epicenter/deceive/90091 3627/ A23F33330F7 Valentine Acetate, Canonical Catheter, and Claudia Pacification conducted a study that assesses the use of value stream mapping in application to work placement services. Specifically, the authors assess how value stream mapping will aid Don Lugging Palazzo Solidarity Centre in identifying critical points in the value flow chain and suggest actions for continuous improvement during the reorganization process. After researching previous case studies, Acetate et al. Chose to apply the Allison and Kayak model used by Toyota to conduct this study.As a result, the authors developed a strategic application of value stream mapping for Don Lugging Palazzo Solidarity Centre consisting of: Planning and pr eparation, mission and vision statements, analysis of internal and external environment, and strategic value stream planning. Specifically, the results stress the need for a new form design layout that is more simplistic and agile, a new standard criterion for chronologically ling forms, and fluent training and communication to ensure all members comprehensively understand complete flow of activities.The information provided throughout this study successfully illustrates the usefulness of value strategy mapping to increase quality, value flow effectiveness, and end user satisfaction. Ductwork, H. (2014). The employee stakeholder. The Journal for Quality and Participation, 37(1), 19-20. Retrieved from http:// search. Protest. Com. Explore. Liberty. Du:20 48/PC central/ 1 2085 Throughout this article the author, Holly Ductwork, expresses the importance of stakeholder leadership. She describes how the responsiveness and practice of stakeholder leadership aids in ensuring social respons ibility and positive organizational performance.

Einstein Essay Essay

The reason she would have most likely be asking this question is probably because the world at the time is going through tough times such as The Depression and it also being post World War 1 era. Einstein’s response to Phyllis’s question was ineffective because it lacks ethos, pathos, and it did not give a straight forward answer to the question. The lack of ethos made the argument less effective because even though Albert Einstein is one of the most famous scientists of the twentieth century, he did not show any credibility that he had towards the argument. Yes he might have won a Nobel Prize for Physics, but that does not mean he knows anything about religion, also being the only scientist responding to Phyllis’s question, Einstein does not necessarily have the correct answer because he does not give the point-of-view of the other scientists. Yes, Einstein was most likely one of the only known scientist at the time, and for that reason he would be the â€Å"go-to† guy, for this question, but that does not give him much credibility for this question. The lack of pathos made the argument less effective because he did not show any emotion towards the reader, Phyllis Wright. Einstein should have showed more compassion towards Phyllis because she was merely a 6th grader, not one of his colleagues. Yes, Einstein had many facts on why scientists may or may not pray, but by the way he worded the response, it seemed that he did not take into consideration that Phyllis was just a young girl. He also says that â€Å"a research scientist will hardly be inclined to believe that events could be influenced by a prayer,† thus making it seem that there was no reason for Phyllis to even ask the question, thus making her feel like she just wasted his time asking him the question. His answer too was not straightforward, due to how he would say one thing and then went on saying something else that would go against his first argument by doing this; he is making it difficult for Phyllis to comprehend what he is trying to say. If he were to use more pathos the argument would be more effective because it allows the reader to feel what the writer is feeling. Einstein did not lack logos, but he did fail to give a straight forward answer which in turn made the made the argument ineffective. He uses the â€Å"Red Herring Fallacy† in order to divert attention from the original question. For example he stated †the belief in the existence of basic all-embracing laws in Nature also rests on a sort of faith† which has nothing to do with the question on whether scientist pray or not. Using this fallacy makes Phyllis’s attention to her question divert from whether or not scientist pray to, whether or not there is a god. Einstein’s use of logos was used greatly throughout his argument, but he must remember that he is talking to a young girl and should not be talking to her as if it was one of his colleagues, so there is a chance that she did not comprehend the argument thoroughly. Because Einstein’s argument lacked ethos and pathos, as well as not giving a straight forward answer, it was ineffective. The fact that he lacked ethos, made this essay ineffective because being a scientist does not give him any credibility towards religion. The lack of pathos, made this argument ineffective because he needs to make the reader feel the way he felt while writing this response. The way he worded the response made the argument unclear of what he wanted to say, which made the reader unsure of what his stand on the question was. Ethos, pathos, and logos are all necessary when attempting to make an effective argument, but Einstein seemed to have left some of these key factors out of his argument.