William Preston Essay Example for Free

William Preston Essay The Half-Brothers is a short, realist, tragedy story, that illustrates the hardships that the poorer people had to undergo in the late Victorian period especially the hardships faced by widows and some of those around them. I think that the purpose of the story other than to entertain the reader is more to make people realise how difficult it is for people living in harsh conditions and to perhaps examine human relationships. I think that the genre of the story is perfectly suited to the purpose because of its realism and tragedy, I think that the reader is possibly affected emotionally even if the emotion felt is a slight feeling of happiness because they are not in the scenario faced by the fictional characters portrayed by the author Elizabeth Gaskell. Obviously the reader faced with such a tragedy would want to read all of the story and that is why I think that genre is well suited to this story. The story can be divided into six sections. The first section is the introduction, the second section is the development of the story, the third section is the climax, the fourth section is the narrator of the younger brother and the final section is the conclusion of the story. Many events take place in the story, in the introduction the story mentions the death of the eldest brothers farther, the story tells us that the narrators sister dies before he is born, it also tells us that the narrators mother did not cry at her daughters death but instead did not cry until the coming of the narrators half-brother were I quote, When my aunt came back from the funeral, she found my mother in the same place, and in the same place, and as dry-eyed as ever. So she continued until after Gregory was born; and, somehow, his coming seemed to loosed the tears, and she cried day and night, day and night, in the development of the story it tells the reader about how the narrators mothers job and how his mother had to end her job because of bad eyesight, this part of the story also tells about William Preston asking the narrators mother to marry him and her reaction to that, the narrators mother gets married and has a child early she then dies, with the farther blaming the narrators brother for hastening his brothers birth. In the climax the story tells the reader about the narrator leaving home and getting lost. In the rescue the narrator gets rescued by his elder brother but his older brother dies in the process. And in the conclusion of the story, the narrator tells the reader how his brother saved him, about the respect that his brother gains from saving his life and the sadness faced by everyone because of the way they treated his eldest brother. I think that the plot fits well into the structure because the structure and plot work up gradually to the tragic ending that concludes the story, that is why I think that the story can induce emotion into the reader because of the tragedy involved especially at the end. There are very few settings involved in this story, there is the home of the narrators mother at the beginning, the home of the narrator at his farther farm and the fells which the narrator describes it as, It looked dark and gloomy enough; but everything was so still that I thought I should have plenty of time to get home before the snow came down. And, The right path was clear enough in the daytime, although at several points two or three exactly similar diverged from the same place; but when there was a good light, the traveller was guided by the sight of distant objects, a piece of rock, a fall in the ground which were quit invisible to me now. This is where the narrator gets lost. I think that the narrator choose these settings because this is were the narrator grew up and so new the most about. I think these settings achieved the purpose of the story because the last setting illustrates the difficulty faced by the eldest brother to find the narrator at great risk. There are few main characters in this story, the narrator, his brother Gregory, his mother, his aunt fanny and his farther William Preston. The narrator describes himself as, I suppose I was a cleaver lad; at any rate, I always got plenty of praise; and was , as we called it, the cock of the school. He also says how everybody thinks of his brother, But everyone said he was stupid and dull, and this stupidity and dullness grew upon him.

John Fantes: Ask The Dust

John Fantes: Ask The Dust In Ask the Dust, Los Angeles has a false stereotype of fame and fortune. Arturo tries to fulfill this desire by quickly spending his sparse income on a lavish lifestyle before being broke again. As the book progresses, each paycheck Arturo receives is a small stepping stone for him to learn from his financial mistakes, preparing him to be financially smart in the Los Angeles workforce. The first paycheck Arturo receives is ten dollars from an insurance policy his mother cashed in. Dearest Mother , Thanks for the ten dollar bill à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ it will come in handy for various odds and ends. Ask the Dust, page 21. Arturo quickly spends $9.10 in one night at a burlesque show and on a prostitute, leaving him ninety cents for the bleak future to come. The second paycheck Arturo receives wasnt expected by any means. A letter he wrote to the Editor-In-Chief J.C. Hackmuth, is developed into a short story (The Long Lost Hills ) and printed in the magazine for $175.00. At the rate of inflation that paycheck in todays economy is the proportion of $3,000. Arturo, trying to fulfill his own stereotype of being a successful Los Angelino immigrant, squanders his paycheck on a lavish lifestyle and delusions of grandeur. The third and final paycheck we see is the paycheck for Arturos novel, The Story of Vera Rivken, $500.00 paid to Arturo Bandini. At this point, Arturo has made an abundant amount of financial mistakes. The fame and fortune that Los Angeles promises was finally his and now he was financially responsible enough to not squander it. Arturo spends his money more wisely this time around, a 10 year old used Ford is the extent of his expenditures. When Arturo and Camilla buy a pure white collie, he cringes at the idea of spending twen ty five dollars. In the context of the situation, he isnt cheap but isnt throwing his money away either. The fact that Arturo has been contracted for his book exemplifies that he has succeeded as a writer. His being able to overcome the urge to squander his $500.00 is an example of how he succeeded in overcoming the false hope of Los Angeles. In Ask the Dust there is an exact image all the immigrants have in mind when they speak of Los Angeles, the land of promise, prospect, and new beginnings. Although this dream did come true for Arturo, it did take him a lot of work and hardships in order to get there. Arturo thought it was going to be easier due to the booster propaganda that was advertised. Arturo and Camillas constant work ethic are prime examples of how you can make it in Los Angeles, although the vices of Los Angeles (i.e, marijuana, delusions of grandeur) can pull you back down to the poverty level. Catherine Kordich states in her article Border Dust that these booster posters and propaganda were aimed at a receptive audience , leading Midwesterners to believe that living in Los Angeles is easy. The majority of immigrants that make the journey down to Los Angeles were able to keep a few dollars in their pocket so they could still keep the Los Angeles dream alive. Then you have a struggling writer like Arturo Bandini who finally writes his novel and makes $500.00 for it. The posters used are quite simple now that we can look back on it ( works cited booster photo example ). The poster shows a playful Latina holding up the sun. She has a bright yellow two piece on as she frolics through the tiny missions and downtown Los Angeles coastline. Now, this poster dream is what lures in the immigrants west. Its the bait and switch routine. When Arturo gets to his room in the Alta Loma he has an awe inspired moment. He sees his first palm tree and thinks of Egypt, Palm Sunday, and Cleopatra. This is obviously a representation of his delusions of grandeur. He sees Los Angeles holding the Palm Trees praising him like Jesus or Cleopatra. He then has a harsh realization that the palms are covered in soot from the carbon monoxide from the tunnel and its crusted trunk choked with dust and sand that blew in from the Mojave and Santa Ana deserts. Ask the Dust, page 16. In that moment he realizes this isnt what he saw in the ad, a tiny room , soot covered palm trees, dust rolling in from the desert. As the story progresses, his image of Los Angeles gets more and more corrupted, starting off with the palms trees and progressing to the marijuana club. Arturo gives a good insight into the real Los Angeles Youll eat hamburgers year after year and live in dusty, vermin-infested apartments and hotelsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. But youll still be in paradise, boys, in the land of sunshine. Ask the Dust, page 46. Arturo has come to the realization that there is false hope in Los Angeles. He is about to ask his mother for money to go back home before he gets an unexpected check from Hackmuth. There have been several examples of immigrants going back home to their state of origin, the Memphis kid , an ugly young man trying to find love in all of Los Angeles, eventually giving up and moved back to Tennessee. Under the Booster poster illustrations there is a mass of immi grants like Arturo trying to get back home realizing they have made a huge mistake in having hope for Los Angeles. The boosters and propaganda that led Arturo to the beautiful Los Angeles were paid advertisements in order to create a metropolis on the west coast. The answer to a majority of problems is always money. When Arturo makes the decision to come to Los Angeles to concentrate on his writing, the outcome would be fame and fortune. David Fine goes into the background of this ideal Los Angeles in his book, Imagining Los Angeles : A city in fiction. The background to this idea was created by many writers and entrepreneurs dating back to about 1880 when writers were creating a myth to reconstruct history in a more positive light. Giving the missions a noble and positive meaning and reinvigorating the Native American culture. Harrison Otis, publisher of the Los Angeles Daily times , made an empire out of land and worked hard to make the Los Angeles Daily Times a reputable newspaper. He got an aqueduct built over 240 miles in order to bring flowing water to Los Angeles. Since he owned a massive amount of land that he paid basically nothing for, he made amazing amounts of profits in just about two years from immigrants buying property . He was a millionaire and built a metropolis to do so. Is it ethical to create a metropolis and give false hope to immigrants? Many would say no. But in Arturo Bandinis case, like many others, he was quite successful in creating a new life for himself in Los Angeles. By the end of Ask the Dust we see Arturo succeed in his dream, he writes a novel , has a beautiful Mexican girlfriend , and even has a pup name Willie. Los Angeles gives false hope to all immigrants. So as quick as Arturo is instilled with hope, it is quickly taken away. For a majority of immigrants, the hope in traveling to Los Angeles is to have a new beginning, fame, fortun , and love . Arturo Bandini is obsessed with the idea of fame and fortune. He has an irrational fear of women, because he has never been with one. When he meets fellow immigrant Camilla Lopez, he has a strong love hate relationship with her. In the beginning of the book, his delusions of grandeur make him feel superior to her in every way. As the book progresses and they actually spend more time together, he realizes Sammy, the bartender with tuberculosis , is Camillas love interest. Although Sammy does not love Camilla, they are all intertwined in seeking out Love as their hopeful Los Angeles dream. Arturo always has his fame and fortune to occupy himself when Camilla is on his mind. Although when he finally publishes his book and succeeds in his dream, all he can think about is Camilla. Since Camilla has had a nervous breakdown and gone missing, Arturo becomes frantic to please her. The story seems to come to the end when Arturo, Camilla, and their pup Willie move into a beach house in Laguna. When Arturo comes back shes gone. He tracks her down to Sammys shack in the desert. He informs Arturo that Camilla and the dog walked over the ridge and into the empty desert. Frantically Arturo gives up hope after searching for her. This entire sad ending relates to the false hope given by the Los Angeles dream. Camilla cannot find happiness with Sammy or Arturo, so she reverts back to her native land from which she came. There is 100 miles of desert so its highly unlikely she survived. She gave up hope for her Los Angeles dream. Arturo, on the other hand, realized what actually matters in his life, his Los Angeles dream was always Camilla Lopez. Los Angeles A False Hope By Matthew Caire Works Cited Page Fante, John. Ask the Dust. Harper Collins Publishers. New York, NY 1939. Fine, David. Imagining Los Angeles : A City in Fiction. University of Nevada Press. Reno, Nevada 2000 Kordich, Catherine J. John Fantes Ask the Dust: A Border Reading. Maskers and Tricksters 20 (1995): 17-26 Kellogg, Carolyn. John Fantes Ask the Dust grows with time. Los Angeles Times, Los Angeles Ca 2009 Southern California United Airlines. Illustration . Southern California United Airlines Partnership Working in Health and Social Care | Essay Partnership Working in Health and Social Care | Essay Ololade Abasa Summary of Report This report looks at how partnership working is developed, the benefits and legislation governing partnership relationship in the UK. And how there is now a shift from professional to patient autonomy. Health and social care is a vast service sector undergoing rapid change, with new government initiatives giving it a higher profile than ever. The report is a brief overview and not in depth focussing on the main points and benefits of collaborative working and the sharing of information with some focus on Stafford hospital following the Francis report. A working or collaborative partnership or partnership in general could be defined as â€Å"two or more independent bodies working together or collectively to achieve more efficient outcomes than could be possible by working individually or separately† (Joint improvement team 2009). When two people come together to share risks and profits in a business for the good of others. (The concise English dictionary 1992). The focus today in frontline health and social care is on giving service-users more independence, choice and control. These developments mean there’s greater demand for well-trained multi-agency and multi-skilled collaboration of team’s organizations and people across a range of services giving more opportunities and choice to service users. In this report will focus among other things, looking into working in partnership in the health and social sector in general and some philosophies, concepts, relationships, models and legislation of collaborative and working in partnership. Different working practices exist across the health and social care sector, which will be part of what this report will also look into briefly with what may be perceived to be barriers to developing an effective partnership relationship within the health and social care sector and strategies that can be developed to improve or overcome these barriers. Concepts of Partnership Working For partnership in health and social sector to be successful in delivering services to service users there has to be co-ordination, co-operation and most importantly clear communication between partners for the partnership to survive. This did not seem to be the case (in our case study) at the Mid Staffordshire NHS foundation trust Stafford hospital in 2007 which led to the public enquiry in 2010 by Robert Francis QC. (The Francis Report). Some of the philosophies and concepts of working in partnership that will be discussed are: Power sharing Autonomy Making informed choices Independence Empowerment: Respect. this is giving health care users the choice or opportunity to take care of their health decisions and control their lives if they are capable of doing so (Gibson 1991) patients do have a right to information and choices offered to them.(National Health Care in England (NHS2013)) Health care staff should be encouraged to listen and be involved in decision making that involve their patients’ health care treatment. Patients unable to make informed choices or decisions regarding their health and treatment should be accorded respect and dignity, by health care professionals who take on such decisions with the patients interests at heart. (Mental Capacity 2005) Autonomy allows the decision as to will see or attend to their treatment requirements and processes with little or no interference from health care professionals. Autonomy basically gives most of the power of decision making and choice to the patient. Independence relates to freedom being accorded to service users to feel free in the health and care setting. Service users are allowed privacy and the opportunity to take care of themselves as they desire provided they have the mental capacity and ability to do so. Health care professionals are duty bound to provide up-to-date information to service users regarding patient’s treatment and care and any risks relating to their welfare. (Care Quality Commission). Collaboration is the lynchpin to power sharing this involves organizations collaborating for a common purpose this enables a common understanding of duties to share and achieve set objectives in a partnership (Gallant et al. 2002). Respect focusses on offering service users the choice to decide on aspects of their care or health with minimum intervention (Health and social Act 2008) and fairly without any discrimination (Equality Act 2010). Partnerships have become more necessary today in the health and social care sector, service users issues which atimes could be complex in nature requiring input from a number of professionals and services is more important when designing services than the traditional, centralizing distinctions between community nurses and social workers, or community justice workers and social workers. Different areas and sections of the society have their specific needs and requirements prevalent to the area, for example Enfield may require more specialized care for elderly people than neighbouring or other areas. Also a service user with a health issue may need a particular type of care package that was previously available or provided by the national health service and social services, in the new way of working together the health and social care could come together in partnership to provide a seamless or a one stop shop which meets the needs of service users. Needs over time could change in the s ame area that traditionally provide a specific service, partnerships may be formed to respond to these type of changes and flexibility. (Aldridge, N. 2005) Models of Partnership From time to time it will become necessary to evaluate the partnership relationship, there should always be a care and backup plan should something go wrong. An effective joint contribution can have positive impacts on service users and providers of services. These were some of the factors that were not implemented or ignored among many others at the Stafford hospital. The Green paper, every child matters, was published by the government in 2003, with a view to safeguard and support young people in need of help and at risk. (Children Act 2004). Under section 18 of the children act 2004, the director of children services has the responsibility of ensuring that local authorities meet specific duties (Department of Education 2013). According to health and social care act 2008/12. Local authorities should work together in partnership with education , health and social care organization to support vulnerable service users by making sure health care workers are properly trained and valued, deal with core problems and intervene to protect children before a crisis situation gets out of control. (Susan Balloch, 2001) Figure 1 (Health Social Care Partnership Model) Figure 1 above shows a typical model of a partnership working across the health and social care. The hybrid model among other models applicable that shows different partnership functioning in an organization, is likened to an umbrella for some models with organizations working tactically in combination with other models to achieve the best services. This was not the case at the Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust (Stafford hospital) according to the Francis report, where corporate self-interest and cost control were put ahead of patients and their safety, a lack of care, compassion, humanity and clear leadership. With the most basic standards of care not observed. The failure of collaborative working and an effective partnership model working effectively and efficiently across the Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust have identified a number of barriers to establishing effective professional partnership. (Babington and Charley, 1990). There could be other barriers, for example health professionals not sharing the same goals, lack of communication, an organization feeling superior to the other for various reasons. (Scott Reeves, 2010) Legislation for Partnerships Legislation is, ‘’Law which has been enacted by parliament† or a governing body, and a Policy the statement of an agreed intent that sets out an organisations’ views with respect to a particular practice. Setting out principles and rules that provide the direction for an organisation to follow. A Practice is the step-by-step method of implementation of the policy and responsibility. The current and relevant legislation for organisation practice, policies and procedure affecting partnership working in health and social care include: Equality Act 2010, Care Standard Act 2000, Disability Discrimination Act 2005. Care Standards Act (2000) (England and Wales) Health and Safety at Work Act (1974), the act ensures that any working environment should be safe and free from hazards for both employers and employees. Human Rights Act (1998), empowers individuals if they feel unfairly treated can resort to court action. Manual Handling Regulations (1992), covers the safe moving and handling of equipment, loads and patients. Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (1995) (RIDDOR) In the scenario case of the Mid Staffordshire NHS foundation trust at the Stafford hospital in 2007, there was enough legislation in place at the time to have prevented the incidents and scandal that took place in at the hospital at the time. But working practices and policies were lacking, relaxed not in place or plainly ineffective or not in force or enforced. (Susan Balloch, 2001) Effects of Negative Working Partnerships Hospital management and staff, nurses etc, mental health and GPs, social services care and service users, and so on, all within the health and social care sector. The differences in working practices across the health and social care sector cannot be more pronounced in the negative impact it can bring more than what has been seen and the numerous scandals and mistakes that happened at the Stafford hospital Mid Staffordshire NHS foundation trust, where patients were left unattended, patients drinking from flower vases. There was no collaborative working practices in place, where the planning process should involve a number of practices and practitioners working together (cited in the oxford university press 1996 pg. 317). Professionals and organizations should be working together, for example GPs (general practitioners) first point of call for patients health problems, Support workers, bringing some form of independence to vulnerable service users by helping and support of vulnerable service users and recommending available services. A disjointed service sector with different working practices not harmonised can not only be very ineffective, wasteful and more expensive but can also end up to be dangerous to service users, in the absence of any form of follow up and or expertise which may well be available but not accessed or utilised. The Team Ro les that Meredith Belbin identified are widely used in organisations. They are used to identify peoples behavioural strengths and weaknesses in the workplace. This information can be used to: Build productive working relationships Select and develop high-performing teams Raise self-awareness and personal effectiveness Build mutual trust and understanding Aid recruitment processes (Evans, D. Killoran, A. 2000) Case Study When most a times outcomes of partnerships are scrutinized or looked at it often almost involve a tragic case, in this report I have been looking at the tragic case of a patient which I refer to as patient A. which prompted a case review in Greater Manchester. A Multi-disciplinary and multi-organisational partnership with good communication and relationships with organizations and people from different disciplines will enlarge the efficiency and size of the service team to service users which allows for a holistic approach and responsiveness to service delivery, better value for money with reduced duplication of services. Looking again at our case scenario of patient A, (a 64 year old male) who was not mentally and physically able to defend himself, and made few demands on the health and social care services for support and did not have much support considering his condition to exercise control over his own life, the outcome of these failure in partnership was that patient A was not empowered to make choices and neither were the professionals supposed to be on the lookout for vulnerable people empowered with responsibilities or resources to make necessary changes, and neither the health professionals get to understand the issues or get involved fully and should be accountable for lack of action. There was no body or institution tasked to monitor situations adequately leading to no proper assessment of the situation even by psychological professional services, these outcomes can also be attributed lack of proper information gathering and sharing which led to exclusion of necessary and important partici pants, contributors and help to give patient A that was readily available due to lack of a clear leadership, clarity of role and a unified information and management system. For positive outcomes in partnerships and to provide person centred care it is essential that communication between interagencies, individuals, key people, service users family and friends, G.Ps, nurses, opticians, dentists, Physiotherapists, O.Ts, psychologists etc. to be really effective. Any barriers to communication should be minimised to ensure good communications. There should be an opening of a subject to widespread discussion and debate to enable the communication of ideas to all those working together in the partnership, so that they can be used and lead to change. This should be an on-going activity which is used to inform changes to policies and procedures within the workplace and involves the sharing of good practice leading to reduced professional isolation. (Frances Sussex, 2008) Barriers to Effective Partnerships While working in partnership is significantly crucial and important in the health and social care sector, working in collaboration and partnership across various agencies can be a daunting task, as there need to be an understanding of respective duties, roles, and organizational structure of different professionals, agencies and their language, therefore this could frustrating and be a barrier that could lead to poor communication and misunderstanding, coupled with the fact of having to deal with different legislations, funding streams, professional complexes and organizational structures. Where there is a perception of superiority differences in status between individuals or partners in a partnership, this creates a barrier for a proper partnership relationship. There could be ways in which the above stated barriers could be overcome. The sharing of objectives, goals and outcomes. Sharing information and the use of a standard and common terminology. Meetings not being too formal and joint team building activities. Having joint training and face to face working. A full commitment to the partnership relationship with a clear demarcation of roles. (Hudson, B. 2002) If we look at one of the above points for example having joint training and face to face working will create a closer relationship and understanding in partnership relationships by reducing formality, improving understanding among partners, and an opportunity to bring up any problems or issues that may require resolving. Recommmendations Having looked at the issues relating to patient A, published in the Guardian newspaper of Friday 12 March 2010 a Serious Case Review such as that of Adult A gives an invaluable lesson to be learnt in what can be done to prevent such incidents and tragedies. A range of strategies need to be considered to improve outcomes and partnership working. Professionals working in different health and social care services have a shared responsibility to know what their role is individually within any partnership, with measures to be taken jointly or individually to protect vulnerable people from preventable harm. Before dwelling on inter-agency co-operation and participation, it is important to consider the promotion, participation and empowerment of the service user. The effectiveness of interagency collaboration and information sharing can be diminished and less productive if the service user does not feel part of the process and the chances of a successful outcome will be significantly reduced. Hence it will be produce a better outcome to work in partnership with carers, families, advocates and other people who are sometimes called significant others. In order to work well in partnership, there has to be good communication and you will need to have good communication skills. Some suggested strategies for an improved and positive outcome for an effective and productive partnership in the health and social services are to: Analyse the importance of working in partnership with others. Develop procedures for effective working relationships with others. Agree common objectives when working with others within the boundaries of own role and responsibilities. Evaluate procedures for working with others. Deal constructively with any conflict that may arise with others. (Department of Health (DH) 2007) Conclusion In conclusion, having looked at the issues at the Stafford hospital coupled with the issue of patient A in Manchester, the factors that have impacted the hospitals could be looked at as down to lack of the full and proper training coupled with effective implementation of partnership with relevant bodies like the voluntary sector and families. Most of the factors discussed above will have impacted on the provision of effective services to service users References Aldridge, N. (2005) Communities in Control: The New Third Sector Agenda for Public Sector Reform. Social Market Foundation. Bulloch S. Taylor M. (2001). Partnership Working. Great Britain. Evans, D. Killoran, A. (2000) Tackling health inequalities through partnership working: learning from a realistic evaluation. Critical Public Health, 10, 125-140. Martin V. e1 al. (2010). Managing in health and social care. Rouleledge. Oxon. Cameron, A. and Lart, R. (2003) Factors promoting and obstacles hindering joint working: a systematic review of the research evidence, Journal of Integrated Care, vol 11, no 2, pp 9-17. Dowling, B., Powell, M. and Glendinning, C. (2004) Conceptualising successful partnerships, Health S9cial Care in the Community, vol 14, no 4, pp 309-317. Department of Health (DH) (2007) Putting people first: a shared vision and commitment to the transformation of adult social care, London: DH. Hudson, B. (2002) lnterprofessionality in health and social care: the Achilles heel of partnership? Journal of lnterprofessional Care, 16, 7-17. Huxham, C. Vangen, S. (2005) Managing to Collaborate: The Theory and Practice of Collaborative Advantage. Routledge. Larkin, C. Callaghan, P. (2005) Professionals perceptions of inter.professional working in community mental health teams. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 19, 338- 346. Vaughan, B. and Lathlean, J. (1999) Intermediate care models in practice, London: The Kings Fund. Btcc national can:. Mark Walsh. (2003). Duncan. M .. Heighway. P. and Chaddcr. P.201 0 . II calth and safety al work essential. 6th ed.London: la pack publishing Ltd. Health and social care. Bleenationa J level 3. Caroly AJdworth (2010). Health and social care Btech level 3. Beryl stretch and Mary Whitehouse (2010). lnlemational health and social care. Neil Moonic and Gou~11cth Windsor (200). Introduction to health and safe~ at work. Phil Hughes. Ed ferett (2011 . Managing in health and social care. Vivien martin. Julie Charlesworth. Euan Henderson  (2010).

The Ambivalence Of Abortion :: essays research papers

The Ambivalence of Abortion Whether or not abortion is morally right or wrong, the fact remains that a woman has the right to make her own decisions. If a woman decides to have an abortion it is her right to do as she pleases with her body. It is understandable that many may disagree with abortion being legal, but that is no reason not to allow others to have a different opinion. Nevertheless, the question of whether abortion is morally right should be left up the conscience of the woman whom is making the decision and not through judging eyes not going through the same situation. There are more pros than cons to having an abortion. For instance, a woman with a family of four who are barely surviving discovers she is pregnant. She decides to have an abortion because she cant afford the baby. That might have saved the world of another sad story of a mother abusing and neglecting her unwanted child. Unfortunately, sometimes a mother can run the risk of death if they go through with the pregnancy. Would it be fair to let the mother of two young children die because SOME PEOPLE don't believe in abortion? On the other hand, it may be true that young women are taking advantage of the fact that they can easily have an abortion. Some say they are substituting birth control with abortion. Nevertheless, no one ever said we can't place restrictions on abortion but we can't let one bad apple spoil the whole bunch. The fact remains that although some might take advantage of the situation, it is unconstitutional to deny the opportunity to someone who REALLY has no other alternative but abortion. Every woman (and person) has the right to make their own decisions. No one has the right to deny another of their own opinion. Some may not believe in or agree with abortion and that's perfectly fine but it does not give them the right to deny others of the option. Finally, a woman has the right to decide whether or not to have an abortion and whether or not to feel guilty

Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe vs. The Second Coming by William But

â€Å"Things Fall Apart† by Chinua Achebe vs. â€Å"The Second Coming† by William Butler Yeats When comparing the novel â€Å"Things Fall Apart† by Chinua Achebe and William butler Yeats poem â€Å"The Second Coming†, at first there seem to be no similarities except for the phrase â€Å"things fall apart† which is used in both. But as one closely examinee the reasons why both authors use this sentence, one realizes that both of them try to show a great change, which, in the poem is related to reality, while in the novel is related to the story. It is important to mention that the two people who are comparable are not the poet and the writer but are the poet and the main character of the novel, Okonkwo. When the whole village and tribes fall apart because of the arrival of Christianity, Okonkwo comes to have the...

Capital Punishment †The Debate Continues :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

As the war on crime continues, two truths hold steady: eliminating all crime is impossible, and controlling it is a must. The main weapon used to control crime in this war is deterrence. The government's deterrent for committing murder is the death penalty. The fear of death will not deter every person who contemplates murder from doing it. Whether it is for religious reasons and the hope of salvation or something else, stopping some people is not possible (Cohen 48). The intent is not to stop those people, but instead every other would-be killer. Capital Punishment has been in the national spotlight for many years and the center of the debate still remains whether it actually deters would be offenders. Does this age-old penalty for the ultimate sin achieve its goal? There are many lofty and rational arguments on both sides of this issue. Advocates of the death penalty claim that the primary reason for this harsh punishment is that the fear of death discourages people from committing murder. The main ways in which they support this theory are: the severity of the punishment, various polls of citizens and prisoners, and two in particular studies. The most obvious deterring justification is the severity of punishment (Calebresi 19). This means, put simply, to punish for a crime in a way that the punishment outweighs the crime. If the punishment for robbing a bank is to spend one day in jail, then bank robbing would become a daily occurance. On the same note, if there is a reward for a lost item of jewelry and the reward is less than the selling price for that jewelry, the finder has no reason to bring it back. On the other hand, if the reward exceeds the value of the jewelry, the new owner will bring it back very promptly. In the case of capital punishment, if a person wants someone dead badly enough, and the punishment for murder is a short stay in prison, what will possibly keep that person from doing the unthinkable (Van Den Haag 68). If a person is afraid for their life, then the stakes for their actions are much higher, probably even too high for most people. Many psychologists believe that these "stakes" do not even have to be in conscious thought for them to work. The theory is that a person's conscience weighs out many factors in all instances. While a would-be offender might be contemplating the deed, the death penalty imbeds itself into that person's subconscience as a possible consequence of their actions, and thus the

Damned Lies and Statistics: Untangling Numbers from the Media, Politicians, and Activists Essay

This report is based upon the book â€Å"Damned Lies and Statistics: Untangling Numbers from the Media, Politicians, and Activists†, written by Joel Best and published by University of California Press in 2001. Joel Best, a professor of sociology and criminal justice at the University of Delaware, has written a highly readable treatise on statistics, and how we can become better consumers of the statistical information that permeates the environment in which we live. Joel Best is a sociologist and, as a result, this is not a book about the mathematics of statistics, but about its sociology. That is, a book about the ways in which bad statistics are generated and spread through society. The title of the book comes from Mark Twain’s famous phrase â€Å"lies, damned lies, and statistics†, which is usually interpreted as grouping statistics with lies. A more critical title would come from the phrase â€Å"figures don’t lie, but liars can figure†. Despite its cynical title, Best’s book is one of the best ways to learn how to cease being awestruck by statistics, and to start critically evaluating them. In straightforward prose filled with real world examples, Joel Best deconstructs the processes by which social statistics are created and take on a life of their own, primarily through blind and unquestioning repetition by the media. He also delineates how such statistics are sometimes mutated, misinterpreted, misapplied, and manipulated. In his view, there are no perfect statistics, just better or worse ones. Every statistic involves human choices: defining what to measure, determining how to measure it, deciding whom to count or how to count it, and choosing how to deal with unreported cases (the dark figure) of whatever is being counted. Not only does every statistic contain identifiable, though generally unrecognized strengths, weaknesses, and dark figures, but many of the most controversial and heavily publicized statistics are created by people in advocacy positions. Social statistics – statistics about social problems, such as prostitution or suicide – are often produced by activists who are concerned about the problem, and may exaggerate it. When not produced by activists, statistics are often a product of government, which may be motivated in the opposite direction of the activists, to play down a problem. A quick summary of the issues and topics in this book offers a good overview of clear thinking on statistical issues. Chapter 1, â€Å"The Importance of Social Statistics†, explains where statistics come from, how we use them, and why they are important. Chapter 2, â€Å"Soft Facts†, discusses sources of bad statistics. Guessing, poor definitions, poor measures, and bad samples are the primary sources of bad statistics. Good statistics require good data; clear, reasonable definitions; clear, reasonable measures; and appropriate samples. Chapter 3, â€Å"Mutant Statistics†, describes the methods for mangling numbers. Most of these arise from violating the four requirements of good statistics, but a new problem arises here. While it is relatively easy to spot bad statistics, mutant statistics require a second level of understanding. As statistics mutate, they take on a history, and it becomes necessary to unravel the history to understand just how and why they are mutant. Transformation, confusion, and compound errors create chains of bad statistics that become difficult to trace and categorize. Chapter 4, â€Å"Apples and Oranges†, discusses the dangers of inappropriate comparison. Dangers arise when comparisons over time involve changing and unchanging measures, and projections. Comparisons among places and groups lead to problems not merely in the data measured, but in the ways the data may be gathered and collated. Comparison among social problems also creates unique difficulties. Best offers logic of comparison to help the reader understand how to make sense of good comparison and bad comparison. Chapter 5, â€Å"Stat Wars†, describes the problems that arise when advocated use questionable numbers to make a case. Chapter 6, â€Å"Thinking About Social Statistics†, sums up Best’s advice on understanding statistics – don’t be awestruck in the face of numbers, and don’t be cynical about them, he suggests, be critical and thoughtful.

An Exploration of the causes and effects of obesity Essay

Obesity is excess body fat. It is usually defined by body mass index (BMI) which is individual’s weight (kg) divided by their squares of height (m) (Jebb, 2004; Eagle et al, 2004). At the same time, BMI was classified into four conditions. Firstly, when the BMI less than 18.5 kg/㎠¡is underweight. Secondly, 18.5 kg/㎠¡to less than 25.0 kg/㎠¡ belong to normal weight. Thirdly, overweight is 25.0 kg/㎠¡to less than 30.0 kg/㎠¡. Finally, exceeding 30.0 kg/㎠¡ is totally obese (Eagle et al, 2004). Other papers categorize more detailed in the part of obese, which sections three parts, such as, Grade I obesity (30.0 kg/㎠¡to less than 35.0 kg/㎠¡), Grade II obesity (35.0 kg/㎠¡to less than 40.0 kg/㎠¡) , extreme obesity or Grade III (40.0 kg/㎠¡or more) (Borrell and Samuel, 2014). Obesity has been defined as an epidemic by the International Task Force on Obesity and World Health Organization in the 21st century (Jimà ©nez, 2011). For example, 65 per cent adults and 15 per cent children are overweight in America, and this data has not a decreasing trend (Jimà ©nez, 2011). In recent years, increasing obesity problems have emerged in developed countries and even in some city centers in developing countries (Jimà ©nez, 2011). According to Rosin’s investigation (cited in Tomer, 2011), incidences of obesity in the United States are high and have been dramatically increasing over the past thirty years, although there are some steady trends recently (Rosin in Tomer, 2011). For instance, the percentage of the obese population in America rose twice from about 13.95 per cent (in 1976) to 29.57 per cent (in 2000), and this figure is continuing to grow (ibid). However, rates of obesity are not only in America; it is growing in all of the world; even in Japan which has one of the lowest rates in the world (Bleich et al in Tomer, 2011; Delpeuch et al in Tomer, 2011). This essay consists of four sections, including introduction, effects of obesity, causes of obesity and conclusion. It will focus on the effects and causes of obesity. On the one hand, it analyses that two aspects of negative impacts which are death rate and chronic conditions are caused by obesity. On the other hand, this article discusses the complex reasons of obesity, which are classified as the congenital factors and acquired factors respectively. Effects of obesity Nowadays, increasingly, people have been focused on obesity bringing to serious impacts of health. The effects of obesity can be classified into two parts. One is the relationship of obesity and death rates; another is the relationship of obesity and chronic conditions (Tomer, 2011). It is claimed that the mortality risk and premature deaths are influenced by obesity epidemic amid American adults (Borrell and Samuel, 2014). Some data indicates 300,000 premature deaths per year are connected with obesity in America (Tomer, 2011). Furthermore, there is a school of thought that obesity is a main risk factor for many chronic conditions. There are known as the Western disease; including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), certain types of cancer, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia (Rosin in Tomer, 2011). Let us now discuss two aspects of negative impacts. The relationship of Death Rate and Obesity There is a possibility that obesity will decrease individual’s lifespan by 3 to 13 years on average (Jimà ©nez, 2011). Mortality might be greater and greater when the obesity phenomenon becomes serious in the future. Over the past five decades, obesity has been related to morbidity or all-cause mortality which means death rates caused by diseases, except for taking dugs and suicide, in the United States and elsewhere (Borrell and Samuel, 2014). Firstly, compared with a normal weight individual, obese adults have at least 20 per cent higher rate of dying for all-cause (Borrell and Samuel, 2014). Further, an obese individual who is Grade I obesity will die earlier at least 1.6 years than a normal-weight individual considering all causes (ibid). At the same time, this figure for Grades II and III obesity person are 3.7 years (ibid). Secondly, base on Borrell’s research data, when individual who is overweight and obese (regardless of the grade) get the CVD disease, it can be found out that these individuals’ dying rate will be significantly higher than individuals who have normal weight (Borrell and Samuel, 2014). After studied individuals who were different race and have different education backgrounds, the research acquired it one result that obese individuals might have a shorter life than normal-weight individuals for CVD-specific mortality and the same phenomenon could exist in different ages people  (ibid). In addition, the dangerous situations were the worst in obese adults whose ages are between 45 and 64 for all-cause and CVD-specific mortality (Borrell and Samuel, 2014). It means that Grades II and III obese adults aged 45 to 64 years have significantly higher death rates than people who have normal weight. These higher death rates lead to among Grades II and III obese adults (45 to 64 years old) early death by at least 7 years (ibid). Through a great many prospective studies, it is widely accepted that obesity contributes to premature death. Apart from, obesity has other disadvantages to individuals. The relationship of Chronic Conditions Obesity might raise some diseases’ hazard and the biggest main risk is cardiovascular disease (Jebb, 2004). There are these who maintain that, in public health terms, the largest burden of disease is morbidity which is related with obesity and almost every organ of human body is caused by obesity (Jebb, 2004). Jebb (2004) states that ‘It effects include metabolic syndrome (type 2 diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia), and mechanical disorders (e.g. osteoarthritis, respiratory problems, sleep apnoea) and psychosocial disorders’ (Jebb, 2004). Other scholar has a similar view that it is a significant problem that obesity is not only one of the endocrine-metabolic conditions but also is a beginning of a series of diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome and some types of cancer in public health (Jimà ©nez, 2011). Let us detail that those relationships between obesity and the following diseases. Firstly, there is an extremely close relationship of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Diabetes belongs to metabolic syndrome, which causes the factors of atherosclerotic disease (Jebb, 2004). Further, the development and severity of this kind of disease is depending on weight increase (ibid), thus obesity is an important element factor. For example, women whose BMI is 25 kg/㎠¡ lead to the probability of diabetes is just five-fold, if the BMI is over 35 kg/㎠¡, the probability will increased to more than 40-fold (Jebb, 2004). Furthermore, the probability of diabetes still depends on different body  shapes, such as, apple-shaped, pear-shaped, if women have a similar BMI. Jebb found apple-shaped women who have a large waist are higher diabetes risk than pear-shaped women who have excess fat on the thighs and hips (Jebb, 2004). Secondly, cardiovascular disease is also linked with obesity or weight increase. The Nurses’ Health Study suggests that BMI is associated with cardiovascular disease (Jebb, 2004). Compared with the risk of CVD at BMI less than 21.5, the risk rose from BMI 22-23 and doubled at 25-28.9 and more than three times higher when the BMI reached at above 29 (ibid). Thirdly, the recent year have a growing recognition which is the relationship between obesity and increased risk of most types of cancer, with the exception of lung cancer, postmenopausal breast cancer, colon and kidney cancer (Jebb, 2004). At the same time, it is estimated to ascribe 20 per cent of cancer deaths in women to obesity (ibid). It seems that the link between cancer and obesity is confirmed. To sum up, obesity is a serious global problem. To some extent, it became a killer to make human beings die prematurely. In recent years, people have begun to pay close attention to this topic. But what caused the obesity is the key point, which is worth us to explore: the next section will analyze some important factors that lead to obesity. Causes of obesity The causes of obesity are extremely complex. A huge number of research indicate that the reason of obesity is not a single result. People are obese because of the complex interaction between genes and the unique personal habits (Eagle et al, 2004; Jimà ©nez, 2011; Tomer, 2011). Firstly, genes are not only crucial factor for obesity, but the environment also plays an important role (ibid). At the same time, genes will be changed with parental unique lifestyle and their surrounding (Eagle et al 2004; Jimà ©nez, 2011). Secondly, the unique personal habits involve numerous aspects, such as, diet, choice habit, sedentary lifestyle and other social factors (Tomer, 2011). It seems that the causes of obesity are complex and constantly changing. To sum up, these reasons are divided into two major categories,  congenital and acquired factors. This section will detail how two kinds of factors can make individuals obese. Congenital factors There is no doubt that genes are one of the causes for obesity. Nowadays, ‘sufficiently solid scientific evidence’ provides that genes are involved in the development of obesity (Jimà ©nez, 2011). It is determined that individuals’ metabolism, detoxification and production of hormones could increase their weight and make them obese (Tomer, 2011). For instance, some small parts of obese individuals owes to genes which lead to some clinical syndrome. Obesity’s monogenic reasons include mutations in the leptin gene and its receptor, or the melanocortin system. Other genetic syndromes are a common element of the phenotype. However, these occupy only small parts (Jebb, 2004). At the same time, heritability studies indicate that genetic factor is only influenced approximately a third of the variance of BMI (ibid). Therefore, it is claimed that genes are just potential inducers for obesity (Jimà ©nez, 2011). On the other hand, even some scholars maintain that obesity is the result mixed up with certain genes and the environment. Genetic changes produce a new trend that obesity is a result of the interaction between genes and environment (Jimà ©nez, 2011). It means that the new gene will be decided jointly by the previous generation of genes and environments. Furthermore, a mass of other candidate genes have been associated with obesity. For example, food preferences or exercise habits (Jebb, 2004). Acquired factors Compared with congenital factors, acquired factors are more influenced for obesity. It is reflected in the people’s diet, behavior patterns and many other aspects (Eagle et al, 2004; Jimà ©nez, 2011; Tomer, 2011). Jimà ©nez’s view is that due to a long time energy’s accumulation which is energy intake exceeds people needs, there are some obese people. Two crucial behaviors are food intake and taking exercise resulted in obesity (Jimà ©nez, 2011). Hyman (cited in Tomer, 2011) states that there are three dietary reasons producing obesity, including ‘diet high in refined, processed carbohydrates’, ‘diet high in bad fats’ and ‘diet low in fiber’ (Hyman in Tomer, 2011). However, Brownel (cited in Tomer, 2011) concluded that powerful forces of society and culture are the root of the obesity problem, because it can promote  individuals selecting high energy diet and a sedentary lifestyle (Brownel et al in Tomer, 2011). Over the past three decades, the obesity issue was aggravated by this kind of environment (Brownel et al in Tomer, 2011). It is worth noting, these effects will not make everyone change their eating habits; it depends on different people. Apart from genes, if someone understands nutrition very well, they may escape the effect of environment. Nevertheless, unfortunately a great many people are vulnerable to the toxic environment impact (Brownel et al in Tomer, 2011). This next section will minutely explain the acquired factors of obesity, including eating habits, less activity and watching advertisements on television. Owing to some poor eating habits, there were so many obese people (McLannahan and Clifton, 2008: p28). In the first place, different foods provide different extent energy, so that intake energy more than their need lead to obesity. For example, when individuals eat more than their need in their daily life, they will become fatter (McLannahan and Clifton, 2008: p29-31). It demonstrates that excess food’s intake caused excess body weight (McLannahan and Clifton, 2008: p29). In the second place, energy-dense diet is an important reason for make people obese. Energy-dense diets are high in fat, high in added sugars and low in fruit and vegetables and this kind of diet could enhance the probability of obesity (Jebb, 2004). Fast foods are typical energy dense diets, and these are acknowledged to be a risk factor for obesity (Niemeier et al in Musaiger et al, 2014). Musaiger’s research showed that as a result of the high consumption of fast food, there was an increase trend about obesity (Musaiger et al, 2014). At the same time, a report was carried out by Gortmaker (cited in Musaiger et al, 2014), a high consumption of soft drinks was proved to be a reason for obesity. It is concluded that ‘sugary beverages are less satiating than solid food containing similar calorie values’, therefore it contributes to acquire more energy (Gortmaker et al in Musaiger et al, 2014). In addition, there is a school of thought that eating more fruit and vegetables are beneficial to decrease the probability of obesity (Musaiger et al, 2014). For instance, in the United States, 12-year old boys and 11-year-old girls consumed any fruits and vegetable occupied 56.1 per cent and 65.5 per cent respectively (Eagle et al, 2004). It may be explained that nearly half children do not  eat any fruits and vegetable, and it boosts the number of obese children. Another important reason is lack of activity. Nowadays, modern people living in developed societies do not take more exercise than their ancestor (McLannahan and Clifton, 2008: p28). It is possible lead to obesity. Hyman (cited in Tomer, 2011) provides that a sedentary pattern can make weight gaining, through the lower metabolic rates (Hyman in Tomer, 2011). Moreover, some evidence indicates that the awareness of the innate appetite control system can be strengthened by high levels of physical activity. In the mean time, it is easier to automatically make energy intake and energy needs balance (Jebb, 2004). This is a key issue that ‘increases in obesity can not be simply attributed to over-eating or inadequate activity, rather it represents a failure of the homeostatic mechanisms to precisely match energy intake to the body’s energy needs’ (Jebb, 2004). Furthermore, exercise’s levels are also important. People whether willing to do exercise is a main factor of energy needs (Jebb, 2004). For example, if a person who is a white-collar worker has a sedentary life, driving a car commuting and not seeking leisure activity, their basal metabolic rate may be used just 30 per cent (Jebb, 2004). On the contrary, a generally active adult may expend about 60 per cent and a particular active sportsman can consume double her or him basal energy needs (Jebb, 2004). It can be seen that doing more activity contributes to consume more energy, particularly helping to maintain insulin sensitivity and reduce the risk of obesity. Furthermore, in the recent year, people spend more time on internet and watching television. Therefore, high-tech environment brings some influences to make people obese. The Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation indicates that adverts on television have effects on childhood obesity levels (Musaiger et al, 2014). At the same time, according to the American Psychological Association’s report, children less than 8 year olds do not distinguish the difference between adverts and reality (Musaiger et al, 2014). Through displaying some advertisements which some stars eating delicious foods makes a condition reflection, so that people who watches advertisements may eat more foods, and it causes an increase of intake energy, especially if people repeatedly watches these advertisements on television (Eagle et al, 2004). Actually, is utilizes the changeless relationship of stimulus and response in human’s brain, according to Classical Conditioning theory (Eagle et al, 2004). When people watches television, it equivalently irritate people’ awareness that need eating snack or meals. Thus watching television is a way to cause intake more energy and make people obesity. Further, advertisements on television not only boost people eating but also have negative impacts on food choices of viewers. To some extent, it caused people preferring to choose higher fat and higher energy foods (Eagle et al, 2004). To sum up, watching television leads to people become obesity. As discussed above, there is a dramatic rise about obesity in many countries nowadays, due to the complex interaction of a variety of reasons, divided to congenital causes and acquired factors (Wright, 2012). Moreover, obesity has many negative impacts on human health. It represents in higher death rate and many chronic conditions. The purpose of this essay is make people understand that these diseases have produced seriously harm to people’s health, and through explaining causes of obesity make people improve obesity problem. To be specific, the causes which lead to obesity are extraordinary complex, divided into congenital and acquired factors. There is no doubt that the congenital factor is genes result in obesity’s development. Furthermore, the acquired factors involved many aspects, including diet, life behavior patterns and high-tech environment. This essay particularly has explained that three factors, such as eating habits, physical activity and watching advertisements on television, resulted in obesity. On the other hand, obesity is not only endocrine-metabolic disease, but also it is many other diseases’ start. For instance, some serious risks which are the premature death and morbidity of chronic conditions are caused by obesity. Firstly, about premature death, this essay used some data which compared different lifespan of different extent obese people and normal weight people, particularly middle aged and elderly people are particularly serious. In addition, in the part of chronic disease, this essay has analysed the type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and some types of cancer were produced by obesity. To sum up, obesity is a global problem. 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